Biography of a scientist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life story of a researcher - Essay Example His instruction was additionally proceeded in Italy and later in Zurich he got preparing in material science and arithmetic from Swiss Federal Polytechnic School. In the year 1901, he finished his recognition and joined Swiss Patent Office as specialized partner, in the wake of achieving Swiss citizenship. From that point in an additional four years, he finished his doctorate. While he played out his work as a teacher in colleges or as specialized help with any association, he proceeded with his logical fills in also. During his expert life, he directed a lot of his logical works and furthermore assumed the job of educator in Physics for a specific timeframe. He had additionally attempted citizenship in Germany and remained there from the year 1914 till 1933. In the year 1940 he moved to America. He sooner turned into a critical open figure in the Movement of the World Government proceeding as a pioneer and he additionally got the proposal for the post of Israel President transport h owever he didn't acknowledge the offer. He is referred to contribute in religion fills in also (Biography). In this way his notoriety and acknowledgment for his commitments were notable in the various nations that he remained in. Einstein was engaged in the critical thinking of Physics and took a shot at his hypothesis of relativity for which he is most famously known. He concentrated on the attributes of light and furthermore imagined the photon hypothesis of light. He additionally distributed his composition on relativity. He dealt with quantum hypothesis also while he was in America. After his retirement, he proceeded with his work on the ideas of material science. His exploration works were distributed that included both logical and non-logical works of him and he likewise got doctorate degrees with respect from the Universities in Europe and America in the subjects of science, medication and reasoning. Likewise, notwithstanding these, he got a few honors and acknowledgment for his works. The Nobel Prize was granted to him in the year 1921

Journal entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Diary passage - Essay Example During this activity I figured out how to mention an objective fact practice that respects proof inclination on cleanliness among care suppliers. Later on I had a discussion with my preceptor in regards to cleanliness among care suppliers (Rutledge, 2011). My preceptor set me up for the need to guarantee cleanliness in wellbeing organizations to lessen diseases. My preceptor additionally gave me data with respect to divisions that guarantee hand cleanliness and how significant it is. Hand cleanliness assists with diminishing emergency clinic procured contamination. A gathering where I took part was held to talk about approaches to continue hand washing program. At the gathering, it was proposed that, to guarantee cleanliness, hand washing materials must be profited to the workers in each division (Beauchesne, 2010). I at that point introduced my practicum manual to the preceptor. The preceptor clarified her job in this activity and furthermore solicited me to give her know from my objectives desires access the following gathering. I drew in with the faculty from disease control office to assess the need of hand washing activity to keep up cleanliness in all the divisions. I at that point had a gathering with my preceptor where we had a conversation on the accompanying: the last weeks’ task, how we can cooperate with my preceptor to accomplish the set goals for the for the practicum experience. Rutledge, C. M., Renaud, M., Shepherd, L., Bordelon, M., Haney, T., Gregory, D. and Ayers, P. (2011). Instructing propelled practice nurture in utilizing web based life in provincial wellbeing care. International diary of nursing training scholarship,â 8(1),

Congratulations to the Winners of the 2016 Breakthrough Junior Challenge

Congratulations to the Winners of the 2016 Breakthrough Junior Challenge Congratulations to Deanna See, 17, and Antonella Masini, 18, winners of the 2016 Breakthrough Junior Challenge. Deanna and Antonella submitted short videos about big ideas to win the international science and math competition. We love their videos and hope you do too!Superbugs! And our race against resistanceDeanna See, 17, SingaporeQuantum EntanglementAntonella Masini, 18, PeruThe Breakthrough Prize honored Deanna and Antonella Sunday at a gala ceremony in Silicon Valley. Each student receives a $250,000 post-secondary scholarship. The science teachers who inspired the winning students receive $50,000. The winners’ schools receive a state-of-the-art science lab valued at $100,000.The Breakthrough Junior Challenge is an annual global competition for students to inspire creative thinking about science and mathematics. Students ages 13 to 18 from countries across the globe are invited to create and submit original videos (five minutes in length maximum) that bring to life a concept o r theory in the life sciences, physics or mathematics. This year 6,000 students from 146 countries entered the competition. The submissions are judged on the student’s ability to communicate complex ideas in engaging, illuminating, and imaginative ways. The Challenge is organized by the Breakthrough Prize Foundation. Khan Academy is a proud partner and helped judge the submissions.The Breakthrough Prize â€" Silicon Valley’s premiere science and math prize â€" honors paradigm-shifting research and discovery in the fields of fundamental physics, life sciences and mathematics. This year, across all categories, the Breakthrough Prize Foundation awards $25 million to honor both outstanding career achievement and emerging talent.A one-hour, edited version of the gala ceremony honoring winners airs on FOX Sunday, Dec. 18, at 7:00-8:00 PM ET/PT and globally on National Geographic in 171 countries and 45 languages. The Breakthrough Prizes were founded by Sergey Brin and Anne Wojcicki, Ma rk Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, and Yuri and Julia Milner. Selection committees composed of previous Breakthrough Prize laureates choose winners. Additional information on the Breakthrough Prizes is available at breakthroughprize.org.

The Religious Right Definition and Issues

The movement generally referred to in the U.S. as the Religious Right came of age in the late 1970s. While its extremely diverse and shouldnt be characterized in simple terms, its an ultraconservative religious response to the sexual revolution. Its a response to events that are seen by Religious Right proponents as being connected to the sexual revolution. Its goal is to effect this religious response as public policy. Family Values From a Religious Right perspective, the sexual revolution has brought American culture to a fork in the road. Either the American people can endorse a traditional and religious institution of family and the values of loyalty and self-sacrifice along with it, or they can endorse a secular hedonistic lifestyle grounded in self-gratification and with it a profound moral nihilism. Proponents of the Religious Rights approach to public policy do not tend to see any broadly applicable alternatives to these two possibilities—such as a hedonistic religious culture or a deeply moral secular culture—for religious reasons. Abortion If the modern Religious Right had a birthday, it would be January 22, 1973. That was the day the Supreme Court handed down its ruling in Roe v. Wade, establishing that all women have the right to choose to have an abortion. For many religious conservatives, this was the ultimate extension of the sexual revolution—the idea that sexual and reproductive freedom could be used to defend what many religious conservatives consider to be murder. Lesbian and Gay Rights Religious Right proponents tend to blame the sexual revolution for increasing social acceptance of homosexuality, which some religious conservatives regard as a contagious sin that can be spread to youth by exposure. Hostility toward lesbians and gay men reached a fever pitch in the movement during the 1980s and 1990s, but the movement has since transitioned into a calmer, more measured opposition to gay rights initiatives such as  same-sex marriage, civil unions, and nondiscrimination laws. Pornography The Religious Right has also tended to oppose the legalization and distribution of pornography. It considers it to be another decadent effect of the sexual revolution. Media Censorship While media censorship has not often been a central legislative policy position of the Religious Right, individual activists within the movement have historically seen the increase of sexual content on television as a dangerous symptom of and a sustaining force behind cultural acceptance of sexual promiscuity. Grassroots movements such as the Parents Television Council have taken aim at television programs that contain sexual content or that appear to condone sexual relations outside of marriage. Religion in Government The Religious Right is often associated with attempts to defend or reintroduce government-sponsored religious practices ranging from government-endorsed school prayer to government-funded religious monuments. But such policy controversies are generally seen within the Religious Right community as symbolic battles, representing flashpoints in the culture war between religious supporters of family values and secular supporters of hedonistic culture. The Religious Right and Neoconservatism Some leaders within the Religious Right  see theocratic movements within Islam as a greater threat than secular culture since the events of 9/11. The 700 Clubs Rev. Pat Robertson endorsed thrice-divorced, pro-choice former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani in the 2008 presidential elections because of Giulianis perceived tough stance against religion-motivated terrorism. The Future of the Religious Right The concept of the Religious Right has always been vague, nebulous, and vaguely insulting toward the tens of millions of evangelical voters who are most often counted among its ranks. Evangelical voters are as diverse as any other voting bloc, and the Religious Right as a movement—represented by organizations such as the Moral Majority and the Christian Coalition—never received evangelical voters ubiquitous support. Is the Religious Right a Threat?   It would be naive to say that the Religious Right no longer poses a threat to civil liberties, but it no longer poses the most serious threat to civil liberties—if it ever did. As the general atmosphere of obedience following the September 11 attacks demonstrated, all demographics can be manipulated by fear. Some religious conservatives are more motivated than most by the fear of a potentially hedonistic, nihilistic culture. The proper response to that fear is not to dismiss it but to help find more constructive ways to respond to it.

Achilles Changes Essay - 557 Words

The Iliad, a book by Homer about the Trojan War, focuses a lot on Achilles and his internal struggle with his personal desires. In the time of the Trojan War, there was an unspoken code of morals and how warriors of honor should follow. If they did not fight or acted cowardly it not only brought them shame but their family name was looked down on. Warriors that were defeated weren’t always killed because they were sometimes taken prisoner to be used for ransom money or gifts. However, in the Iliad, Homer shows that sympathy rarely is evident in war. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Achilles’ stubborn and cowardly sides are shown when Ajax, Phoenix, and Odysseus travel to visit him and beg him to return to the fight. Instead of acting like†¦show more content†¦He forces the Trojans to retreat all the way into their own walled city. This is where Achilles and Hector meet to avenge Patroclus’ death. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hector is beat by Achilles and asks him for mercy in his death. Achilles refuses, also being consumed by his ego he doesn’t act as the better person despite what his previous experiences have taught him about how to act. So he tortures Hector before killing him and did the same to his body as Hector did to Patroclus’. Achilles drags Hector’s body all the way around Troy three times tied to the back of his chariot. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At the very end Achilles for the first time in the story shows that he can be non-egoistic and can be compassionate. The Greeks finish their mourning for Patroclus and about burn the body of Hector. But, Zeus decides that Priam, Hectors father, will be allowed to have Hectors body. So Priam goes and begs to Achilles for Hectors body back. Achilles actually weeps with Priam and allows him to take the body without asking for ransom money. The unbelievable part is that Achilles wants a truce with Priam so that Priam can properly mourn his son’s death. By giving Hector a proper burial it returned some respect to his name and let his family have some peace. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Achilles goes from an egoistic man to a compassionate warrior in the very end. Though The Illiad isn’t just aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Change of Achilles Essay529 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Iliad, Achilles faces many decision-making situations. He shows a human side like any other person, but when fate takes over, he goes in a series of changes. The all mighty Achilles turns into a weeping child when his prize is taken away. His long lasting anger against Agamemnon turns into camaraderie after his friend Patroklos is killed and finally his wrath against Hectors body turns into compassion when Priam begs for the body to be returned. Many could argue that when something isRead MoreSympathy : Sympathy And Mutual Identification1435 Words   |  6 Pagesare normal to them. Therefore, their sympathy is represented in a different form. In Book 22, Zeus and Athena showed their sympathy towards Hector when Hector was coursing by Achilles around the city. Feeling grief for Hector, Athena encouraged Hector to face Achilles. Athena knew that Hector had no chance to win against Achilles such that only death can relieve Hector’s pain. Because gods have the right to determine the lives of mortals, they show their sympathy for a deeper good. Athena can’t saveRead MoreHomer s Iliad And Thucydides s History Of The Peloponnesian War1375 Words   |  6 Pagesdeath and philotÄ“s can exist simultaneously. In the respective texts, that which Achilles and the Athenians encounter prove they will not exist in harmony for â€Å"human nature† is â€Å"incapable of controlling passion† and â€Å"the enemy of anything superior† (HPW 3.84). When Achilles does not receive his earned honor after battle and death’s toll from the war blurs the Athenians’ identity, their grief causes apathy. Achilles withdraws from his own people with a â€Å"rage, black and murderous† causing his own armyRead More Creon And Achilles Essays1515 Words   |  7 Pages Both Creon of Sophocles’ Antigone and Achilles of Homer’s The Iliad end up allowing the body of their enemy a proper burial. During the time following the death of Hector, Achilles is in a position very similar to that which Creon deals with in Antigone. Both men show similar flaws, and face similar struggles. The difference between the two men is only subtly discernible until the telling moment when each man is faced with pressure to change his stance on the fate of the fallen warrior. Each man’sRead MoreSocrates And Achilles1466 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Socrates and Achilles: the Martyr Heroes Madelyn Vogel ILS 205 By comparing himself to the Greek hero Achilles before the jury in Plato’s Apology, Socrates attempts to portray himself as a hero of equal merit to Achilles and others of similar standing. By selecting the greatest of the Classical Greeks to compare and contrast himself to in his argument, Socrates surreptitiously urges his audience to view him as being of the same caliber as Achilles. This not only authenticates Socrates’ claims,Read MoreThe Epic Of The Iliad943 Words   |  4 PagesIliad tells the story of the battles between the Achaeans and the Trojans, and the events happening during the weeks of arguing between King Agamemnon, the leader of the Greeks, and Achilles, Greece’s greatest warrior. These events play the role of a playground for the gods, as they often intervene and usually change the outcome of certain events. In regard to Homer, Longinus claims that he feels â€Å"indeed that in recording as he does the wounding of the gods, their quarrels, v engeance, tears, imprisonmentsRead MoreComparison of Gilgamesh and Achilles Essay example1574 Words   |  7 Pagesheroes who stood out to me were Gilgamesh, and Achilles. Gilgamesh’s greatest fear was death, while Achilles feared his legacy being lost and forgotten. Technically their desires are different, but their journey share many similarities, and in the end, boils down to the same thing. Each man in his own way, both Gilgamesh and Achilles desired immortality above all else. Though immortality takes on very a different meaning for Gilgamesh, as it does for Achilles, every decision as well as all the sacrificesRead MoreAt the time of Homer, it was normal for gods to meddle in human affairs, and he shows this in The1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Heroic Age in the Dark Ages of Greek history, giving the people something that brought them pleasure in bad times. The Iliad does not tell the story of the entire Trojan War but focuses on some of the tenth year. The story shows Achilles and all his anger. Achilles being the best current warrior at Troy. It also tells of the history of the fight taking place. Homer makes the assumption that the reader knows the history of the Trojan War and instead concentrates his time on developing the otherRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Great Trojan Hero Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesAchilles slaughtered the great Trojan hero, Hector and single-handedly changed the tide of the battle. He was a marvelous Greek hero, but his accomplishments paled in comparison to his friend Odysseus. In addition to accruing glory and fame in the Trojan War, Odysseus went on to write history in an epic journey all across the Mediterranean to return to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. The Greeks considered kleos to be the measure of a manRead MoreKleos in the Iliad Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesand his son may one day achieve kleos, Achilles is much more selfish. He fights only to quell his own rage. While a Greek’s ultimate goal was to achieve immortality, Achilles postpones this quest because of Agamemnon. The Iliad starts with the word ‘menin’ which means cosmic rage. This cosmic rage is so powerful that even the gods themselves feel it. This menin is so powerful that it even overpowers Achilles’ desire for his kleos. Despite his rage, Achilles still acknowledges kleos; he states

Global finance Free Essays

It is common knowledge that the interconnectedness of global financial system carries immense systematic risk that can hinder economic and financial welfare of a global citizen, regardless of its demographic location. Since banks ‘†¦ Provide the oil that lubricates the wheels of commerce†¦ ‘, it is imperative that they have sufficient resources to withstand economic downturns (All 2009, p. 3). We will write a custom essay sample on Global finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now This may be the underlying reason why the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision regulates commercial banks of the world and treat them on consolidated basis (Vine and Phillips 2012). Additionally, the committee has proposed new capital adequacy tankard, namely Basel Ill, to compensate for the shortcomings of Basel II. The following are the two interrelated factors that may have led the committee to consider a move from Basel II to Basel Ill. It can be argued that the global financial crisis (SGF) shook the foundation that the global economy was built upon. PAR (2012, p. 3) indicated that the primary reason behind the cause of SGF was disproportionate amount of leverage and ‘†¦ Gradual erosion of level and quality of capital base†¦ ‘ that the banking sectors had accumulated. During the onset of SGF, the holdings of the banks were insufficient to over their losses leaving some of them insolvent. Despite the popular belief, PAR (2012) explicitly claims that ‘Australia was not immune from these impacts’. It is in fact true that Australian banks didn’t take on the similar banking activities on a big scale that the US banks undertook, the point still remains that the global economy is interconnected and the lack of consistency, resilience and transparency in international banking system can cause more cataclysmic crisis’ (Deed 2011). This may be why the PAR, in compliance with Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has insider a move to Basel Ill with an attempt to minimize or eliminate the impact financial crisis’ having on banks. Despite its full introduction in 2008, Basel II has been guiding investment decisions amongst international banks since its publication in 2004 (All 2009). All (2009) claims that regulatory framework of Basel II was the core cause of SGF and thus, Basel II was the catalyst that allowed the banks to take on excessive leverage. According to All (2009, p. 7), the quantitative Impact research (CIA) conducted by the Basel Committee shows that big financial organizations were bled to increase their capital for profitable use as they experienced capital reduction by using the ‘Advanced internal rating-based approach’ and their smaller competitors experienced an increase in capital requirements by using standardized approach to calculating capital adequacy. The Committee on Global Financial System (2012) have supported All’s claim as they are currently working towards improvement of measures used to provide a fair and equitable approach to capital adequacy measurements. Therefore, indicating that the impacts of SGF on the global economy s the only factor that led to move from Basel II to Basel Ill does not paint the whole picture as the shortcomings of Basel II has led the unsustainable economic behavior of international commercial banks that gives light to the question – why the SGF happened to begin with. . 2. Basel Ill (650 words) Follow this margin and Justify paragraph 2. 3. Implications of Basel Ill (rewords) Please send me the links/PDF file of all sources used for reference list. Make sure to cite tables used Examples of cross referencing The prudent banking system in Australia was previously noted (Section 2. 1 . 1). How to cite Global finance, Papers

Statistics Business Research Methods

Question: Identify the effectiveness of the best and worthiest Enterprise resource planning software in order to run small and medium enterprises surrounded in Australia. Answer: Aim and Motivation: Aim: The primary aim of this research is to identify the effectiveness of the best and worthiest Enterprise resource planning software in order to run small and medium enterprises surrounded in Australia. Motivation: ERP software is consisted with various kinds. These kinds of software can be differentiated in terms of risk factors, cost factors, performance factors, factors in terms of supply and so many. Therefore, with the help of this research work, the researcher mainly aims to identify the best ERP software for running SME business successfully in Australia (Ali Cullinane, 2014). Some of the names of renowned ERP software include SAP R/3, SAP B1, LN/Baan, Microsoft dynamics AX and so on. In this particular research, the focus of the researcher is to find out the suitable ERP software for small and medium business enterprises. SAP R/3 is the earlier name of enterprise resource planning software (Ali Xie, 2012). With the help of this particular software the SME are able to conduct fulfillment of orders, billing and maintaining product planning and so on. Human resource managers like to keep a constant record on the performance of the employees with the help of this product. SAP B1 software helps the managers to as well as employees to maintain information more effectively. As a result, they are able to make a smart business decision. The primary functions of SAP B1 software is to deal with financial accounting, bank transaction, sales and distribution and so on. Microsoft dynamics Ax mainly helps the organizational managers to re-design the business processes smoothly (Bharathi, Vaidya Parikh, 2012). This particular software increases the speed of business growth. Therefore, the primary objective of the researcher is to analyze which one would be the most suitable for running small and medium enterprises. Introduction: A business organization needs to maintain a chronological data record from every aspect in order to run a smooth business process. ERP software is one of the easiest processes of maintaining those data for the SME business effectively. Enterprise Resource Planning is one of the most effective business-management software categories (Devos, Van Landeghem Deschoolmeester, 2013). With the help of ERP software, Small and medium business enterprises of Australia are able to gather, store and ultimately interpret data and information regarding the entire process of business. ERP software allows the users to maintain smooth banking transaction, to keep the record on financial accounting, to maintain a record on the employees performance, to gather a financial planning and service delivery process. The SMES association of Australia has published a very interesting image illustrating the role of small and medium enterprises for developing the Australian economy. With the help of SME business process, the workforce of Australia has been increased to seventy percent. The people have received more job opportunities by involving themselves in small and medium enterprises. It has been observed that Australian SMEs like to use different kinds of ERP software for their business growth. Therefore, in this particular study, the researcher makes an effective analysis regarding the best ERP software for SME business (Iris Cebeci, 2014). While conducting the entire research, the research would like to prefer appropriate research methodology and data collection methods and techniques. Research Objectives: The primary objectives of the research work are as follows: To identify the best ERP software among the several types To highlight the importance of using ERP software for maintaining small and medium business enterprises in Australia To point out how ERP helps small and medium business enterprises for maintaining a smooth business process. Research Background and Literature: ERP software has rendered a revolution in the business process of SMEs of Australia. After using ERP software in the process of business, the SMEs of Australia have received the business growth smoothly. The organizations are able to maintain a chorological data record regarding the employees performance. Microsoft dynamics AX helps the managers to re-design the business strategy within a short span of time (Johansson et al., 2012). As a result, it helps the organization to maintain a smooth balance between demand and supply of the products. In addition, ERP software helps the organization for purchasing, manufacturing and service delivery of various products with the help of advanced use of technology. ERP software primarily helps the organization for collecting, maintaining and interpreting necessary data and information regarding the entire process of business (Khaleel Sulaiman, 2013). Therefore, the researcher in this particular study has decided to identify the specific feature s of the different kinds of ERP software. As a result, the SME business experts would be able to recognize which particular type of software would be suitable for their business process. In this particular part, the researcher has conducted an effective literature review about the impact of ERP software for SME of Australia. ERP software as already mentioned is able to maintain a systematic data record from different aspects. As per the point of view of Australian Association, the entrance of ERP software in the realm of small and medium enterprises has rendered a revolutionary business growth (Kilic, Zaim Delen, 2015). The managers are able to keep an accurate data record about the employees performance. They do not have to waste more time for conducting the banking transaction. With the changing taste of customers demand, the business experts are able to re-design their business model within a limited span of time. As a result, the relation between the managers and the employees become more effective. At the same time, the impact of using ERP software is not devoid of some of the major negative impact as well. This particular process is based on technology out-an-out. As a result, any kind of sudden technological error can hamper the entire process of business (Lewandowski, Salako Garcia-Perez, 2013). The business experts have nothing to do except managing the situation if technological error arises at the middle of business rhythm. Therefore, the researcher has concentrated to highlight how the SMEs of Australia get benefits and facilities by implementing ERP software. Research Gap: In the literature review part, the researcher is only concerned about the impact of ERP software for running the business of SMEs of Australia. Both the positive as well as the negative impact have been highlighted here. Apart from the impact, the researcher could have mentioned different functions of ERP software that can easily help the entire business process (Lueg Lu, 2013). In addition, some of the major factors that affect highly in using ERP software have also not been mentioned in this particular study. Economy is one of the major factors here. If one organization does not have economic strength for purchasing ERP software, the entire process of business would be highly affected. Therefore, economic strength is intensely needed for running a business organization successfully. SME association of Australia has mentioned that people of Australia have achieved job opportunity after the development of small and medium business enterprises (Mirbagheri Marthandan, 2012). Use of E RP software has enhanced the business scope and opportunity more and more. However, after the implementation of ERP software in the business process, it has become one of the major issues in now a day. For that purpose, the researcher has also selected this particular issue in order to conduct an effective research on it. Research Question: In order to accomplish the research work successfully, the researcher has raised some of the major questions. The questions are as follows: What is the effectiveness of using ERP software for SMEs of Australia? Which particular ERP software is the best for using in SMEs? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ERP software within business? What are the necessary factors that affect highly to use ERP software in small and medium enterprises of Australia? Research Design and methodology: Research methodology is nothing but a systematic procedure that helps to conduct an entire research work successfully. By applying the appropriate research philosophy, research approach and research design the researcher would wish to acquire sufficient knowledge and information from various sources (Purohit, Jaiswal Pandey, 2012). Post positivism research philosophy would be used in order to know what kind of ERP software would be suitable for small and medium business enterprises. Post positivism research philosophy is based on repeated observation. As a result, this methodology is not very much cost effective. Deductive research approach would be used in order to make an effective case study on SMEs (Ruivo, Oliveira Neto, 2012). By conducting the case study on SMEs of Australia, the researcher would gather information how the business experts are facing challenges in order to implement ERP software within the business process. By maintaining an effective interaction with the thr ee managers of SMEs like Entertainment media and telecoms, Vegetables Processers Websters, the researcher would be able to collect necessary data and information. Various challenges that the business organizations have to face while keeping a constant record of entire business process with the help of ERP software would be collected from the managers (Seethamraju, 2015). In addition, descriptive research design would be would be followed in this particular research work. Research variables and definition: The key focus of this particular research is to find out the effectiveness of ERP software. As already discussed, ERP software helps to enhance the entire business process. By collecting data accurately about the performance of employees, the business experts would like to make an effective communication (Shaul Tauber, 2012). While discussing the gap of research, it has been pointed out that the researcher has only focused on the impact of ERP software. In the research question, the researcher has mentioned different advantages and the disadvantages of using ERP software within the entire business process. While conducting the research methodology, the researcher intends to follow post positivism research philosophy, descriptive research design and deductive approach. Deductive approach is highly dependent on the case study method. With the help of case study method, the researchers would be able to communicate directly with the business members of SMEs of Australia. In addition, while conducting the research methodology, the researcher should maintain the ethical consideration very strictly (Shiryan, Shee Stewart, 2012). Not a single participant should be forced to provide data and information about their own business. In addition, the data that would be gathered from various sources have to be authentic. Research data and Research sample: For this particular project, the researcher would like to collect non-probability sampling technique in order to accomplish the work properly. Non-probability sampling technique is very much specific. With the help of non-probability sampling technique, the researcher would be able to select a specific sample or participants (Suh, Kim, 2012). At the same time, numerous challenges faced by the business organization due to the use of ERP software would be informed here. However, the researcher likes to form four questionnaires for the 51 employees of Entertainment media and telecoms in order to gather their feedback. Q.1.How far do you believe that ERP software is able to provide an effective service throughout the World? Option Response Percentage Total respondents Believe 31 60.78 51 Disbelieve 10 19.60 51 Neutral 10 19.60 51 Table 1: People who believe that FRP software is able to provide an effective service throughout the World Q.2. How far do you think that SMEs of Australia need to appoint a skillful competent employee to handle the FRP software? Option Response Percentage Total respondents Believe 30 58.82 51 Disbelieve 11 21.56 51 Neutral 10 19.60 51 Table2: People think that SMEs of Australia need to appoint a skillful competent employee to handle the FRP software Q.3. To what extent do you think that maintaining this kind of software is very much cost effective for the SMEs? Option Response Percentage Total respondents Believe 11 21.56 51 Disbelieve 30 58.82 51 Neutral 10 19.60 51 Table 3: People who think that maintaining this kind of software is very much cost effective for the SMEs Q.4. How far do you believe that FRP software is able to draw the attention the customers? Option Response Percentage Total respondents Believe 30 58.82 51 Disbelieve 11 21.56 51 Neutral 10 19.60 51 Table 4: People who believe that FRP software is able to draw the attention the customers Data Collection and its methods: Data collection is a procedure to collect necessary data and information by utilizing various sources. Data can be collected from two sources mainly including primary data collection sources and secondary data collection sources. Primary data collection sources can be gathered by conducting an effective survey, interview, group discussion, focal group and so many. On the other hand, secondary data collection method can be acquired from various online sources, newspapers, magazines, journals and so on. For this particular research, the researcher would like to utilize both quantitative data collection technique. Quantitative data collection technique helps the researcher to conduct an effective survey. Fifty-one employees from Entertainment media and telecoms have been selected for providing necessary data and information. The researcher would like to throw four questionnaires regarding the ERP software. As per the four questions, the employees have shared their point of views. From employees point of view, they have provided their opinion regarding the importance of ERP software for SMEs of Australia (Thapliyal, Vashishta, 2012). Data analysis: After collecting necessary data and information about the effectiveness of ERP software, the researcher would like to analyze data and information for coming into a sound conclusion. As per the feedback gathered from primary data sources, the researcher has analysed some of the major factors (Thapliyal, Vashishta, 2012). The factors are as follows: FRP software would be able to provide the service globally FRP software would satisfy the needs and demands of the customers more effectively More skillful and efficient employees would be needed to handle ERP software The organization like Entertainment media and telecoms would be able to afford the cost of maintenance Data interpretation: As per the data analysis procedure, it has been observed that the researcher collects information about ERP software from different angles. FRP software would definitely be able to provide global services if the organization likes to choose an efficient experts for handling this particular division (Shiryan, Shee Stewart, 2012). In addition, the researcher have also indicated that the suitable ERP software is highly dependent on the structure and business industry of SMEs of Australia. If the organization is based on retail, the business experts many use Microsoft dynamics Ax software in order to redesign the business strategy as per the changing demands and needs of the customers. Conclusion: The entire study has provided an in-depth understanding about the importance of ERP software for running SMEs throughout Australia smoothly. With the help of this research work, the researcher would come to know whether ERP software plays a major role for the business development of SMEs. In the literature review part, both the advantages and the disadvantages of ERP software have been discussed. While conducting the project, the researcher would like to use appropriate research methodology as well. Despite conducing an effective research, this particular study is not devoid of some of its major limitation. Only six questionnaires is not sufficient enough to collect necessary data and information about the research issue. The researcher should involve more respondents so that a huge number of data can be collected from the participants. In addition, the researcher should maintain the accuracy and authenticity of data while conducting the research work. Expected outcomes: After designing the entire research, the expected outcome should be positive. The researcher has tried to the level best to make the entire research work systematically. In the literature review part, various aspects of ERP software, its advantages and disadvantages, its impact have been discussed. In the research methodology as well, the researcher would like to use appropriate research philosophy, approach and design and data collection. While conducting the project, participants would not be forced to provide necessary data and information. Therefore, it can be expected that the outcome of the entire research study would be positive. Reference List: Ali, M., Cullinane, J. (2014). A study to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation based decision support system in ERP implementation in SMEs.Procedia Technology,16, 542-552. Ali, M., Xie, Y. (2012). The quest for successful implementation: A new dynamic model for ERP Systems Implementation Innovation.International Journal of Innovations in Business,1(2), 113. Bharathi, V., Vaidya, O., Parikh, S. (2012). Prioritizing and ranking critical success factors for ERP adoption in SMEs.AIMS International Journal of Management,6(1), 23-40. Devos, J., Van Landeghem, H., Deschoolmeester, D. (2013).Information Systems for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Springer. Iris, C., Cebeci, U. (2014). Analyzing relationship between ERP utilization and lean manufacturing maturity of Turkish SMEs.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,27(3), 261-277. Johansson, B., Ruivo, P., Oliveira, T., Neto, M. (2012, September). Evaluating Determinants for ERP use and Value in Scandi-navia: Exploring Differences Between Danish and Swedish SMEs. InEuropean Conference on Information Management and Evaluation(p. 135). Academic Conferences International Limited. Khaleel, Y., Sulaiman, R. (2013). A system development methodology for erp system in smes of malaysian manufacturing sectors.Journal of Theoretical Applied Information Technology,47(2). Kilic, H. S., Zaim, S., Delen, D. (2015). Selecting The Best ERP system for SMEs using a combination of ANP and PROMETHEE methods.Expert Systems with Applications,42(5), 2343-2352. Lewandowski, J., Salako, A. O., Garcia-Perez, A. (2013, September). SaaS enterprise resource planning systems: challenges of their adoption in SMEs. Ine-Business Engineering (ICEBE), 2013 IEEE 10th International Conference on(pp. 56-61). IEEE. Lueg, R., Lu, S. (2013). How to improve efficiency in budgeting-The case of business intelligence in SMEs.European Journal of Management,13(2), 109-120. Mirbagheri, F. A., Marthandan, G. (2012). Success factors of ERP implementation in SMEs in Malaysia.International Journal of Computing and Corporate Research. Purohit, G., Jaiswal, M., Pandey, M. (2012). Challenges involved in implementation of ERP on demand solution: Cloud computing.International Journal of Computer Science Issues,9(4). Ruivo, P., Oliveira, T., Neto, M. (2012). ERP Post-adoption: Use and ValueAn Empirical Study on Portuguese SMEs. InKnowledge and Technologies in Innovative Information Systems(pp. 67-81). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Seethamraju, R. (2015). Adoption of software as a service (SaaS) enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs).Information systems frontiers,17(3), 475-492. Shaul, L., Tauber, D. (2012). CSFs along ERP life-cycle in SMEs: a field study.Industrial Management Data Systems,112(3), 360-384. Shiryan, S., Shee, H., Stewart, D. (2012). Employee Training Effectiveness in Saudi Arabian SME Performance.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(14). Suh, Y., Kim, M. S. (2012). Effects of SME collaboration on RD in the service sector in open innovation.Innovation,14(3), 349-362. Thapliyal, M. P., Vashishta, P. (2012). ERP software implementation in indian small and medium enterprises.International Journal of Emerging Trends Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS),1(2), 107-111.

Why the Great Depression Occurred

Introduction As observed by Romer (2003), â€Å"the great depression took place in the late 1920s to the late 1930s and was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced in the industrialized Western world† (p 1). The world wide economic downturn that originated from the United States was characterized by massive decline in output, widespread unemployment, and acute deflation in most economies across the globe (Romer, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why the Great Depression Occurred – a Public Budgeting Stand Point specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the timing and magnitude significantly varied in various regions across the world with some parts of the world such as United States being adversely affected while other regions were mildly hit. In the United States, the great depression set off in 1929 and continued until early 1933 where it was set on a road to recovery but these efforts unfortunately failed and the American economy was highly characterized by drastic falls in prices and real output (Romer, 2003). In addition, the industrial production of the country’s economy fell by 47% while the real gross domestic product fell by 30% and the whole sale price declined by 33% resulting into deflation; further, the unemployment rate is believed to have exceeded 20% which negatively impacted on the purchasing power of the individuals consequently reducing aggregate demand (Romer, 2003). Poverty and despair were the main features of the great depression in American region with most people being unable to access the basic needs of food, decent clothing and shelter and relying on aid from charity organizations (Burgan, 2001). The depression was the worst to ever hit the nation and when president Franklin D. Roosevelt brought new policies and ideas to Washington, there was a link of optimism in the region but this was short lived since the depr ession worsened in 1938 and did not end until the country went into world war ll in 1941 (Burgan, 2001). Factors That Led To the Great Depression The prevailing government policies at the time highly facilitated the occurrence of depression and the failure and derailment in recovery of major economies. From 1929-1933, the American economy experienced substantial reduction in money supply from the federal reserves (Edwards, 2005). This, coupled with subsequent bank failures served to intensify monetary contraction in the economy and destabilize the economy which precipitated the occurrence of depression (Edwards, 2005). Scholars believe that substantial decline in money supply which was attributed to Federal Reserve decisions had severe contractionary effects on overall output in the economy as well aggregate demand (Romer, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This may have si gnificantly influenced people’s decisions to spend as there was widespread fear and uncertainties with consumers and business owners anticipating decreases in wages and prices in the future (Romer, 2003). To further worsen the situation, most states prohibited banks from diversifying their portfolios across jurisdictions which significantly promoted bank failures while in countries like Canada which allowed nationwide bank branching, incidences of bank failures during the period were not experienced (Edwards, 2005). Bank failures led to widespread bank panics across the American economy whereby depositors lost confidence in the solvency of banks consequently withdrawing their deposits from banks (Romer, 2003). Increased withdrawals by depositors forced banks to liquidate loans in order to raise the required money which served to increase bank failure in United States (Romer, 2003). The early 1920s was characterized by tax reductions which facilitated economic boom in the Amer ican economy during the period (Edwards, 2005). However, President Hoover signed a revenue act in 1932 which created a provision for significant tax increment in the region increasing the tax rate from 25% to 63% while President Roosevelt further increased individual and corporate taxes with the highest individual rate increasing to 79% (Edwards, 2005). The tax increment killed the laborers’ incentives for work as well as investment and entrepreneurship consequently reducing the amount of spending which intensified the effects of depression and frustrated the efforts of recovery (Edwards, 2005). In addition, the Smoot-Hawley trade act which had been established to boost farm incomes by reducing foreign competition in agricultural production in America may have played a significant role in reducing world trade during the period of depression (Edwards, 2005). The trade act had raised import tariffs to an average of 59% on more than twenty five thousand products which prompted o ther countries to retaliate by imposing increased restrictions on United States’ products consequently reducing trade such that by 1933 the overall international trade had reduced by two thirds of the level prevalent before the recession (Edwards, 2005). However, some scholars believe that this policy had minimal significance in the occurrence of the depression but may have contributed to extreme decline in world price of raw materials which resulted in severe balance of payment problems for primary products exporting countries (Romer 2003). Another damaging trend that may have facilitated the occurrence of the depression was the prevalent inequality in wealth distribution whereby in 1929, the richest 24000 families in the US owned 34% of all the monetary savings in the country while an approximate 21 million families lacked any savings (Burgan, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why the Great Depression Occurred – a Public Budgeting Stand Point specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, only few Americans could afford to locally produce goods despite the fact that factories kept on producing goods which led to under consumption which further led to the weakening of the economy (Burgan, 2001). Conclusion The great depression caused devastating effects to major economies of the world and adversely affected international trade. Numerous measures implemented by the government proved fruitless in containing the situation and the contemporary economies should learn from this occurrence in order to avoid incidences of depression in the current dynamic economy. Reference List Burgan, M. (2001). The Great Depression. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books. Edwards, C. (2005). The Government and the Great Depression. Retrieved from https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/tbb-0508-25.pdf Romer, D. C. (2003). Great Depression. Web. This research paper on Why the Great Depression Occurred – a Public Budgeting Stand Point was written and submitted by user Arielle R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay Example

To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay Example To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay To what extent was the decline of the staple industries the most significant development affecting the people of Wales and England 1880 – 1929? The decline of the staple industries was a very significant development in people’s lives. Before the decline of the staple industries, Britain was known as the â€Å"workshop of the world† this was due to the fact that Britain producing 2/3 of the worlds coal, 50% of the worlds iron and 5/7 of all the worlds’ metal. This all changed when countries like Germany and the US used cheaper methods of extracting and producing these resources that Britain’s buyers looked else wear, the decline of these main industries caused a wave of job losses and other main industries to suffer. Britain lost its place as the most powerful empire; there were many reasons for this. Britain didn’t have the necessary raw materials needed for industrialisation; Britain’s farming industry couldn’t produce enough food to feed the growing population. The Liberal reforms were very significant in people’s lives. There were many reasons for why the liberals decided to reform Britain and these issues are highlighted in Booth and Rowntrees reports about people living below the poverty line. These reports tell us that if someone lost their job before the reforms they had to rely on their savings, family and friends, and the pawn brokers or depend on the poor laws which were the only sort of social protection they had. The government hardly ever stepped in to help people, the conservative government and member of the House of Lords all believed that if a person was poor that meant they were lazy; these reports discovered that that wasn’t the case and that in fact the majority of the poorest in society were born there. Some shocking statistics had shown that 11% of primary school children were malnourished and in 1900 the height for enlisting was reduced to 5 feet and even 50% who enlisted were in too ill health. There was a major need to reform, because working conditions needed to be improved in order to improve Britain’s employed for the future. Another significant factor that affected the people of Britain was the changing role of women in Britain. The main cause in the change to women was primarily down to world war one. The war opened up a wider range of occupations to female workers and hastened the collapse of traditional womens employment, particularly domestic service. From the 19th century to 1911, between 11 and 13 per cent of the female population in England and Wales were domestic servants. By 1931, the percentage had dropped to under eight per cent. For the middle classes, the decline of domestic servants was facilitated by the rise of domestic appliances, such as cookers, electric irons and vacuum cleaners. The popularity of labour-saving devices does not, however, explain the dramatic drop in the servant population. Middle-class women continued to clamour for servants, but working women who might previously have been enticed into service were being drawn away by alternative employment opening up to satisfy the demands of war. The number of women in the Civil Service increased from 33,000 in 1911 to 102,000 by 1921. The advantages of these alternative employments over domestic service were obvious: wages were higher, conditions better, and independence enhanced. Another reason was the general strike. The general strike was called by the TUC to support the miners in their quarrel with the mine owners, who wanted to reduce their wages by 13 per cent and increase their shifts from seven to eight hours. Workers in industries such as iron, steel and coal were encouraged to stay off work. The strike affected people across the country because these industries were at a standstill this caused the rest of the country to suffer. To conclude, I think that there were many significant factors that affected the British people and the declined of the staple industries was one of them. However, i think that the most significant factor was the war, as this affected all sexes and age groups across the country and no one was left unscathed by it.

M7 Deforestation and Kaibab Deer Discussion Assignment

M7 Deforestation and Kaibab Deer Discussion - Assignment Example ifferent ways including destruction of recreation area in the national and tropic forests which provide the locals more returns compared to logging, drying up rivers as alternative sources of income and increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (Merrill, 2008). Deforestation generally interferes with other important or beneficial economic activities such as hunting, recreation and fishing in both the tropic and the national forests. Deforestation of tropic forests lead to increased emission of greenhouse gases as well as enhance susceptibility of surrounding areas to tropic storms and floods. Floods are associated with increase in certain diseases such as cholera and malaria through breeding mosquitoes on stagnated waters (Merrill, 2008). Cholera resulting from floods can be addressed the public health sector through controlling of the floods through encouraging mitigation measures such as tree planting or re-afforestation. The disease can also be controlled through distribution of clean drinking water during such floods. A significant decrease in the number of wild animals especially the potential extinction the mule deer the Kaibab due to increased hunting activities led to the decision to make Kaibab a Forest Reserve. This decision was made to facilitate restriction of hunting activities through prohibition hunting within the forest reserve and the Grand Canyon National Park (Kay, 2010). Nevertheless, the move resulted into increased number of wild animals which posed another threat other forms of wildlife with such areas. As a result, this incident has been quoted in many wildlife decisions especially in justifying the need to authorize hunting to achieve significant ecological balance (Kay, 2010). Hunting has been supported on economic basis in which the activity is believed to contribute significantly to the national economy. Charitable organizations benefit from donations made from hunting activities both in monitory and food forms (North Carolina Wildlife

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Response - Assignment Example The student should clarify this. Moreover, the student does not identify any nonverbal communication. In a noisy environment, it is quite obvious that the two would have probably used several facial expressions or gestures. These are important aspects of the transactional model of communication. Student 2 was having a discussion with his friends at the San Francisco Aquarium. The two friends were discussing their previous experiences. Student 2’s friend responded using nonverbal communication when asked if they liked the beach in San Diego. Student 2 was keen to observe the facial expression and gestures of his friend. He noted the wink and thumb up which indicated that his friend liked the place. The success of the communication was based on the ability of student 2 to understand non-verbal communication. I agree with the idea that, the reaction from his friend indicated that he liked the place, and he would like to visit the place again. Their conversation was interrupted by the loud noise of the train. They could no longer communicate and had to get back to the aquarium. Noise interrupts the smoothness of a conversation and can stop conversations. However, the student should clarify if they attempted nonverbal communication during the noise. This is necessary in e xplaining the transactional model of

Modification of the 4-Quinolone Scaffold

Modification of the 4-Quinolone Scaffold Discovery: Quinolones are antibacterial agents that are of major importance in the antibacterial field as the can act as the model antibiotic. This is due to their broad range of activity, the high potency and good bioavailability with both intravenous and oral administration possible. This is coupled with high serum levels and a distribution within tissues that specifies concentration levels and results in, theoretically, few occurrences of unwanted side effects.1 The timeline for the development of this class of antibacterial agents begins with the isolation of the bactericidal naphthyridine, nalidixic acid, in the 1960s by George Lesher as the first synthetic quinolone antibiotic. Nalidixic acid is illustrated in Figure 1 below and is a by-product that was isolated from a chloroquine synthesis.2 Figure 1: Nalidixic Acid The clinical use for naldixic acid was to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by gram negative organisms. The successive generations of quinolones had activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria as well as anaerobic bacteria. This development lead to fluoroquinolones which are latest in quinolone antimicrobials. The clinical uses for the quinolones today include respiratory tract infections, bacterial meningitis and gastrointestinal infections as well as the historical use of treating UTIs. The development of fluoroquinolones resulted in a more extended spectrum of activity and improved pharmacokinetics then the first generation of quinolones.3,4 Structure: The general quinolone class of molecules is comprised of 4-quinolone and 1,8-napthyridine ring structures. The naphthyridine ring structures differ slightly from the 4-quinolone core due to the presence of two nitrogen atoms in the rings of the molecule (Figure 2). The substituents R5, R6, R7 and R1 were added to improve the activity of the quinolone core before the development of highly potent fluoroquinolones.1 Figure 2: General Structure of 4-Quinolones The first fluoroquinolone to be developed was Flumequine; illustrated in Figure 3. It had a fluoro-group at the 6 position and was the first compound to show that modifications of the quinolone core could results in improved activity against the gram-positive bacteria that nalidixic acid had no effect on.1 Figure 3: The first fluoroquinolone- Flumequine Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV is achieved by quinolones. These enzymes play a vital role in the uncoiling of DNA. DNA gyrase acts as the target in gram negative microbes and topoisomerase IV as the target in gram positive microbes for quinolone activity. The widely-accepted mechanism of action is that quinolones bind to complexes, formed between DNA and one of the enzymes, to generate a Quinolone-DNA-Enzyme complex that inhibits DNA replication. The binding of quinolones and topoisomerase is enabled by a water-metal ion bridge. The inhibition is bacteriostatic as replication is reversible.   Eventually apoptosis occurs due to the fragmentation of the DNA ends of the complex. This results in bactericidal inhibition. The most common form of resistance to the quinolones is due to specific mutations in the topoisomerase II and IV that interfere with the water-metal ion bridge interaction.2,3 Development: Quinolones are grouped into generations depending the activity of the molecules. The first generation showed activity against gram negative bacteria that caused UTIs. The second generation showed enhanced activity against gram negative bacteria and improved activity against gram positive. This enabled the list of conditions that quinolones could treat to expand. This generation displayed improved pharmacokinetics; due to the use of a C7-piperdinyl substituent. The third generation provided improvement in efficacy in inhibiting gram positive and anaerobic pathogens. 3,5 The fourth generation of drugs observed dramatically increased activity against DNA gyrase and gram positive microbes, improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The major changes were the addition the fluoro-group at the C-6 position and a ring substituent at C-7. Norfloxacin (1), second generation, was the first broad spectrum quinolone with ciprofloxacin (2) the first quinolone to have activity observed beyond the treatment of UTIs.2 Currently, Garenoxacin (3), fourth generation, is of interest due to its distinct carbon-carbon bond at position C7 and its broad spectrum of activity.3 Figure 4:Generations of quinolone drugs. Three modified quinolone cores have acted as templates for drugs that are on the commercial market. The cores were 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolone (4), 7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-pyrido-[1,2,3-d,e]-1,4-benzoxazine (5) and 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-[1,8]-naphthyridine (6). These selected cores are illustrated in Figure 5.3 Figure 5: Cores used as templates for commercial drugs Retrosynthesis: Scheme 1: Retrosynthesis of 4-Quinolone core6 A carbon-carbon disconnection between the ketone and the aromatic ring, the reverse would be a Friedel-Crafts reaction.   The double bond is opened and the hydroxyl group that is added is converted to a carbonyl group. The final disconnection, N-C, results in the starting materials; a keto ester and the substituted aniline. Synthesis: Several synthetic approaches have been taken to generate the 4-quinolone core. The Gerster-Hayakwa and Chu-Mitscher reactions are used specifically for the synthesis of the drug Levofloxacin. The Chu-Li route was established primarily for 9-cyclopropylpyrimidinones. The Gould-Jacobs reaction, Grohe-Heitzer cycloacylation and Conrad-Limpach-Knorr are appropriate methods of synthesising the generic 4-quinolone core.3 The Conrad-Limpach-Knorr synthesis will generate quinolones but this reaction will give different products depending of the whether it is kinetically or thermodynamically controlled. Aniline and 3-keto ester are mixed and at room temp the keto group joins the nitrogen of the aniline giving an enamino ester (kinetic product) and cyclisation at 250 °C results in a 4-quinolone. Thermodynamically controlling this reaction, by carrying it out at 140 °C, results in an amido-ketone dominating regardless of the less reactive ester on the keto ester being the centre of the first nucleophile attack. Ring closure results in a 2-quinolone.7 Scheme 2: Conrad-Limpach-Knorr Synthesis (kinetically controlled) As the substrate for the cyclisation needs to be the high-energy tautomer and cyclisation causes loss of aromaticity in the ring, solvents with high boiling points are generally used in this synthesis.8 The reactions are encouraged by electron-donating substituents in the aromatic ring including methoxy or amino groups. These give increased yields in the condensation and ring closure steps. A CF3 group can act as an acceptor at C-4.9 The short reaction sequence limits possibility of loss of yield. Rational Drug Design: Illustrated in Scheme 3 is the process of rational drug design. Computational screening is used to identify the target and generate the lead compound. This is modified considering the biological aspects, the 3D structure, the QSAR and reactivity of the compound. This generates a new lead which is optimised and put forward for preclinical trial. Scheme 3: Rational Drug Design Process10 Nilsen et al. used endochin as a lead for optimisation in a rational drug design study. The target selected was the multiple stages of the life cycle of malaria. Endochin is potent against malaria but is not active in vivo due to rapid and extensive metabolisation. Optimisation was required to form endochin-like quinolones (ELQ) that retained the activity of endochin but were biologically active. The aims for optimisation was to improve metabolic stability and aqueous solubility as well as eradicate cross-resistance.11 Figure 6: Structural Representation of Endochin The EQLs were synthesised by converting the quinolones to quinolines, followed by nucleophilic displacement. The quinoline undergoes Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with a boronic ester and finally the protecting group is removed (Scheme 4 A). An OCF3 group was also added to the side chain for further optimisation (Scheme 4 B). Scheme 4: Synthesis of ELQ An orally active class of quinolones were synthesised; 4(1H)-quinolone-3-diarylethers. The initial lead, ELQ-233 (Figure 7: ELQ-233Figure 7), displayed low nano-molar IC50 values. The optimisation step was to introduce an aryl group at C-3. A lipophilic diphenylether side chain was used as it had been previously reported as integral in other antimalarial drugs. This was to work with the methyl group at C-2 to cause out of plane movement of the sterically large aromatic ring, altering the à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ stacking from the numerous H-bonds. This variation would not be perused as ELQ-233 was equipotent to endochin. Figure 7: ELQ-233 Due to the success of adding a fluoro group to the quinolone, to further build on the optimisation of endochin, a fluorine was added at C-6 on a second optimised molecule (7) along with a methoxy group at C-7 (as is in the endochin structure); illustrated in Figure 8.11 The methoxy group is a useful substituent due to its lipophilic and hydrophilic components in close proximity. Figure 8: Illustration of Compound 7 However, both ELQ-233 and 7 were metabolically unstable and therefore did not fulfil the optimisation requirements. Table 1: Values obtained for the optimised molecules Compound cLogP EC50 (nm) Endochin 3.35 3.8 ELQ-233 3.70 8.4 7 3.73 40 8 5.66 2.2 Further derivatives were generated and the pattern that emerged indicated that the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring influenced the reactivity with malaria. This result led to the rational design of further ELQ derivatives. Straight-forward reactions were continued to be used. The boronic ester with a varying diarylether side chain undergoes palladium mediated coupling with the quinolone then a demethylation occurs using hydrobromic acid to give the desired product. Repositioning the OCF3 group to the side chain increased the efficacy and the metabolic stability. The compounds that was found to be metabolically stable and potent had a chloro-group at C-6 and OCH3 ­at C-7. Figure 9: Structural representation of compound 8 Although compound 8 was the most potent compound, the high logP value is a disadvantage as it does not follow Lipinskis Rule of Five which is the basis for most developed drugs. To improve solubility and allow for lower dosages of 8, bioisoteres of the side chain were employed. The OCF3 was replaced by CF, Cl and F by Nielson et al. and displayed subnanomolar activity. Other options would be to double the terminal OCF3 group, double the substituents on the diaryl side chain, convert the diphenyl ether side chain to a dipyridine ether side chain or replace a phenyl ring in the side chain with a cyclopropane group. Phenyl rings can be replaced by a heteroaromatic ring or a saturated ring to improve efficacy, lipophilicity and specificity of binding. The introduction of a pyridine ring should reduce the metabolism of the phenyl ring and toxicity of metabolites.12 In heterocycles, metabolism can be more complicated with hetero-atoms being oxidized and/or ring opening reactions possible- slowing metabolism. Cyclopropane was explored as derivative of the phenyl ring resulting in compounds with reduced molecular weights and lower lipophilicities. It also limits the conformations available and increase yields of ELQs.11 Scheme 5 below are the same coupling reactions that are stated by Nielson et al. but with the suggested changes to further improve the lea d. Caution must be taken when adding substituents to the side chain so that Lipinskis rule of five is obeyed; there must be no more than 5 hydrogen bond donors or 10 hydrogen bond acceptors and the molecule should be below 500 Da. Scheme 5: Suggested further optimised lead molecules Rational drug design is an advantageous modification method as it is a streamline process when compared with SAR or QSAR as there is no trial and error, all leads and derivatives are prepared having been predicted by computational means previously. The computational aspect allows for all compounds and potential targets to be envisaged in 3D before they are synthesized. This computed information is then stored on large databases which can assist future drug development work. Rational drug design can be an expensive technique as a specialized team is required with knowledge in biology, chemistry and computer science. Costs rise due to payment of wages for the team and the specialized equipment and computer software that is vital. Although the computational aspect of this method is beneficial it can also be a disadvantage as not all predicted compounds can be synthesized and if the compounds are synthesized they may not act as predicted when in vivo.   Specifically, in this ratio nal drug design study, the reactions utilised readily available reagents that were also inexpensive. They were straight-forward reactions that gave high yields and could be scaled up. These are vital as the cost of antimalarial drugs must be kept down so that all people can afford to access it.11 Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR): SAR studies examine how the structure of the molecule effects the activity. SAR considers structural characteristics and relates them the activity therefore it is necessary to have a well characterized database to compared the results against. The basic principle of SAR, that structure determines properties and reactivities in a biological system, is of importance when determining toxicological properties. This is of huge significance for quinolone development as they must be nontoxic in vivo while remaining bacteriosidal.13 Figure 10: Areas SAR Studies consider13 These studies examine which modifications are possible to the core ( Figure 11) and which substituents cannot be modified without negatively interfering with the activity and potency of the drug.   There can be qualitative and quantitative aspects to these studies. The quantitative considerations are part of a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) which will be discussed later. Figure 11: Quinolone core positions for the SAR study Table 2: Important Positons on the Quinolone core-SAR Study results14 Position Influence On: Preferred substituent: Effect of substituent: 1 The pharmacokinetics and has control on overall potency. Cyclopropyl increase activity against gram negative microbes 5 Activity against gram-positive bacteria. NH2 and CH3 moiety improve activity against gram-positive bacteria 7 Spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetics. 5/6 membered N heterocycle (aminopyrrolidines and piperazines) Alkyl group Aminopyrrolidines: increase activity against gram-positive bacteria Piperazines: increase activity against gram-negative bacteria. Alkyl: enhance gram- positive potency and lengthen the serum half-life 8 Pharmacokinetics and specific activity on anaerobes. CF, CCl and COMe improve activity against anaerobic bacteria. alter specific interaction of the agent in vivo. SAR studies reveal that a hydrogen at R2 is preferred. Any larger moiety would likely cause steric hindrance with the adjacent carboxyl group at C-3 and the oxygen at C-4. These substituents are vital for activity as these positions are where binding to DNA bases occur before the sites are made available for other hydrogen bonding to proceed by DNA gyrase. A small molecule is best for potency at R6. This is usually a fluorine group in later generations of quinolones as it produces molecules of between 5 to 100 times greater potency that when a hydrogen is positioned at R6.14 Ciprofloxacin (Figure 12) is one of the original patented quinolone anti-bacterial agents. It is first generation as it has moderate activity towards gram negative bacteria, poor pharmacokinetics and poor bioavailability. Figure 12: Structural representation of Ciprofloxacin However, using the results of the SAR, Ciprofloxacin can be further optimized. Scheme 6 utilizes straight-forward reactions to attach an -NH2 moiety to the core at positon 5 where the SAR study indicates it has the greatest influence. Firstly, nitration of the aromatic ring occurs, followed by a reduction of the nitro group to an aniline with palladium on carbon. Scheme 6: Further optimisation based on SAR Study Results The new lead is still in agreement with the SAR results as the carboxyl and oxygen are present at C-3 and C-4 respectively. The preferred substituent as stated in Table 2 are also used throughout the reaction scheme; the piperazine is at position 7, the fluoro group at positon 6 and the cyclopropyl group at positon 1. These substituents can positively influence the spectrum of activity the potency and the overall pharmacokinetics of the molecule. The addition of extra hydrogen bond acceptors/donors must be limited so as not to disobey Lipinskis rule of five by having more than 5 hydrogen bond donors or 10 hydrogen bond acceptors. These reactions, like the rational drug design reactions, utilize readily available, generally inexpensive reagents which is important to keep the cost of the anti-malarial drug down. Palladium is an exception as it is a rare metal but cheaper alternatives could be used for this step such as Raney Nickel although this generates intermediates before the aniline is formed unlike the direct formation when the palladium catalyst is used.15 SAR studies can represent molecules as 2D, atoms and bonds, or 3D, steric effects and electrostatics. 3D is best for when the receipt-mediated mechanism is known. Successful SAR studies also need appropriate methods of analysis which depend on whether quantitative or qualitative analysis is being perused and if the mechanism is known. The ideal SAR model should have adequate molecules for fair statistical analysis, a wide range of activities and an even distribution of molecules in each compound class. This model is rarely found when toxicology is considered.13 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR): The basic principle of QSAR is that similar molecules have adequate similar mechanistic elements so that a common rate-determining step is shared among them and that they have comparable energy requirements for activity. This principle is taken further and the assumption is that differences in reaction rates results in differences in activity or potency.13 Lipophilic, electronic and steric effects are considered in QSAR studies. QSAR provides an equation that quantifies the SAR and allows for predictions about which property has an important role in the distribution/ mechanism of the drug. Predictions cut down on the volume of analogues to be synthesised. Equations are only applicable to compounds of the same structural class. Outliers indicate when a feature is important and can produce new leads. The QSAR may not give accurate predictions as the parameters have covariance on each other; the predicted model may vary in vivo.6 Lipophilicity/Hydrophobicity: This can be considered as the lipophilicity of the molecule or the lipophilicity of the substituents attached. Partition Coefficient, P, is the parameter associated with the lipophilicity of the molecule and is measured by Equation 1. Equation 1: Representation of the lipophilicity parameter. Solvents chosen to represent the Central nervous system The activity of a molecule can be related to the P value as a molecule must be able to cross membranes and be transported through the body to its target site which is dependent on its lipophilicity. Varying substituents on the core can alter the P value in whichever direction is more beneficial for the activity of the molecule. From SAR studies increased quinolone activity occurs when a lipophilic substituent, such as a halogen, is attached at C-6. Simple reactions, including nitration and chlorination (Scheme 7), will add these substituents to the core, again using cheap and readily available reagents. In general, increasing lead hydrophobicity increases activity (Figure 13). This does not go to infinity as there is a point at which the lead is to hydrophobic to be transported in vivo.6 LogP should not be more than 5 per Lipinskis rule of 5; high enough to bind, low enough to be released. Scheme 7: Addition of lipophilic substituents to the quinolone core to alter the P value Figure 13: Linear relationship between biological activity 1/C and lipophilicity6 Electronics: This parameter can influence ionisation and polarity which alters how a drug passes through a membrane or how strongly it binds to a receptor. Hammett substitution constant (à Ã†â€™) is the measure of the electron withdrawing or donating ability for substituents on an aromatic ring. à Ã†â€™ affects the equilibrium and the value is dependent on induction/resonance effects and whether the substituent is para or meta directing. Ortho is not considered due to sterics.6 Table 3:Substituents that can alter the à Ã†â€™ parameter Electron Donating Group (para): Electron Withdrawing Group (meta): -NH2 -NO2 -OH -CONH2 Halogen -CN Generally, electron-withdrawing substituent, positive à Ã†â€™ values, increase activity (Table 3). Simple reactions like those illustrated in Scheme 7 are used to attach the à Ã†â€™-influencing substituents to the quinolone. Sterics: Drug molecules must approach and successfully bind to a receptor and the sterics of the molecule can alter this approach. Bulk can result in nonbinding as the drug is sterically hindered from approaching the target site. It can also limit the available conformations so that only the most efficient arrangement binds to the receptor. Table 4: Parameters for measurements of steric effects6 Measure of Steric Effect: Key Feature: Other Factors: Tafts Steric Factor (Es) Quantifies steric feature of substituents Limited to use on certain substituents Molar Refractivity (MR) Measures volume occupied by atom(s) Corrects for ease of polarisation. Verloop Steric Parameter Computer programme calculates steric values For use with any substituent Using the quinolone core, modifications can be made so that the sterics prevent rapid metabolisation of a drug molecule in vivo which will extend its half-life and lead to better activity. Binding the quinolone to a large side chain restricts it from binding to smaller sites which Nilsen et al. conclude lead to better selectivity.11 Scheme 8 illustrates the addition of bulky side chains that can give better selectivity as they will only approach the sites they fit into. Furthermore, the double bond linkage and aromatic rings restrict the conformation that the molecule can adopt, increasing selectivity. Bulky side chains can prevent rapid metabolism occurring. When adding bulk, caution must be taken to ensure the molecule stays below the recommended 500 Da. Scheme 8: Reactions to alter the sterics of a quinolone core16 3D-QSAR: 3D-QSAR considers the relative spatial arrangement of model compounds and aims to correlate the features across molecules that affect activity and are required for ligand binding. 3D-QSAR studies the geometry, pharmacophore and molecular field. Key assumptions of 3D-QSAR13: The model compound and not its metabolite cause the biological response. The studied conformation is bioactive. Solvent effects are not considered The system is in equilibrium All compounds bind in the same manner to the one target. 3D-QSAR puts compounds with common configurations in a 3D grid, calculates the interaction and tabulates the results. An equation is then created based on the relationship between the calculations and the reported values. This verifies QSAR results. Conformers are superimposed to display the common ligand-binding orientation to the receptor. Probe atoms calculate steric and electrostatic fields.13 3D-QSAR studies on 1,3,5-triazine, quinolone derivatives, determined less bulky groups on the heteroatom ring, more bulk on the aro

Coffee and Starbucks Essay

Walk several blocks in almost any city in America and you’ll pass at least one Starbucks, if not more. And the same is true for most cities outside of the United States. The Starbucks empire has grown to 6,000 U.S. outlets and about 2,500 international locations. For some consumers, Starbucks is an obsession, and they just can’t begin their day without their cup of Starbucks coffee! In addition, while years ago people used to hang out at the corner candy store, today many people spend considerable time at their local Starbucks. They drink coffee, tea, and/or other specialty beverages, they bring their laptop and wirelessly connect to the Internet, they meet friends to chat, or they meet business associates to make deals. Is there anyone in America, at least old enough to be in kindergarten, who doesn’t know what Starbucks is? Questions Since everybody knows Starbucks, answer the following questions in the Indian context. For example, against question 1 below view the person as an India; and in response to question 4, identify an Indian celebrity. Some search on the internet about Starbucks and what its brand imagery stands for would help you with your answers. 1. If Starbucks was a person, describe the person in terms of demographics, personality, and lifestyle characteristics 2. If Starbucks was an animal, which animal would it be, and why? 3. If Starbucks was a color, which color would it be, and why? 4. If Starbucks was a celebrity (e.g., a sports figure, a movie or TV star), which celebrity would it be, and why? And why was your choice male or female?

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Qualitative Methodology

Cotte’s paper primarily deals with the Economic, Symbolic and Hedonic motives of gambling (2-3). Her method is centered on Ethnographic Participant Observation (1). The study was conducted on a Northeastern casino (10) for 90 hours that was accumulated through 30 visits between October 1995 and March 1996 (9). This critique will concentrate on the analysis of Cotte’s Literature Review, Research Design and Methods and Subjects chosen for the study. Literature Review Cotte’s literature review tackles the economic, symbolic and hedonistic motives of recreational gambling.With an emphasis centered on â€Å"Experiential Consumption† (6) which explains the role of motives in human behaviors and decisions, the paper was able to prove its point that the human drive to gamble stems out from the desire to learn and evaluate the game (12), to have a feeling of a â€Å"rush† (14), to demonstrate self definition such as being a â€Å"variety-seeker, rebel, and casino pro† (15), to fulfill the desire to be a risk-taker (18) and to view â€Å"cognitive self classification† that is primarily achieved through â€Å"interpersonal relationships† (19).Similarly, the study reveals that urge for â€Å"emotional self classifications† are also evident (19); similarly, human competition (20) and communion (21) are also part of the characteristics that were studied. The paper’s main criticism for the author’s literature review is: Cotte, by opting to focus on the hedonistic aspect of gambling has established the claim that recreational gambling primarily is a result of emotion in its most â€Å"barbaric sense† and provides no rational explanation whatsoever on the concept of recreational gambling.Cotte presented eight cells (12-21) which tells the reason in a form of conversation between her (i. e. the researcher) or other people through overheard conversations or observations explaining why people gambl e. It could be significantly noted that Cotte have made various explanations linking the results of the observation and or interview to her related literature; and it appears that those explanations are only liked to the situations wherein there is an emphasis on the hedonistic drive (12-18).The author explained that the feeling of excitement, rush, the unknown etc are the primary reasons why people keep on coming back to the casino and even bringing their families with them to gamble as well (18). However, the paper would like to assert that although the first few cells are significantly linked on the theories that the author used, the last three cells were explained by the author in such an abrupt manner that she suddenly inserts a theory that in no way was she was able to elaborate on her literature review (19, 21).The Utilitarian Theory which definition is not established or discussed at all was inserted and was used to explain â€Å"emotional self classification† (19) an d communing (21) . In virtue of its philosophical roots, the Utilitarian theory was introduced by JS Mill and is commonly known of having this maxim: the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. However, the paper would want to establish that the author coined a different concept to the theory by equating utilitarianism to â€Å"rationality† which is definitely not the case.The paper acknowledges however that linguistics of course allows convention to give a different meaning to a particular word. However, if this is the case, the author should have at least provided an operational definition on her review of related literature. Research Design and Methods The author’s method is qualitative research focusing on Ethnographic Participant Observation (1). Her data gathering method was done primarily through unstructured interviews (Bailey, 1994) and observation (Holloway, 2002). The paper has two main criticisms: (1) Unstructured interviews are rela tively prone to bias (Bailey, 1994, 195).The unstructured interview wherein the interviewer has the advantages of probing her subjects more has a high degree of possibility to be interpreted in a different manner than what the subjects really intend it to be (195). Also, in comparing the unstructured interview to the structured interview, Bailey argued that â€Å"the mere fact that a highly structured interview has a neatly typed questionnaire is easy to code, and seems to be reliable does not ensure that the information gathered will be superior to that gathered with an unstructured interview† (195).(2) The second criticism of the paper is that observations that are primarily documented through field notes and should be in four types: condensed account, the expanded account, the fieldwork journal, and analysis and interpretation notes (Holloway, 2002, 135). However, it could be noted that the author has made clear on her paper that she only has â€Å"field notes† (whi ch is a generalized note) and â€Å"introspections† (10) for her data gathering. Holloway (2002) by quoting Spradley (1979) on her book explained that it is necessary that all of these field notes should be done by any researcher who will use the Ethnographic method.However, the paper also recognizes the advantages of the unstructured research. It is also noted by Bailey (1994) that most cases reveal that unstructured interviews have the capability of eliciting more favorable responses from its subjects. The fact that the interview is more informal in its setting and is generally friendly, most researchers are able to get the innermost feelings of their subjects that the subjects on the other hand might not consciously realize that they possess.Similarly, the descriptive ethnography method (Holloway, 2002) is capable of presenting an account of a particular behavior on a specific area or industry. Similar on the case of the recreational gamblers in the northeast, the author w as able to present what type of recreational gamblers those people are going in that casino. Cotte’s output as she stated on the latter part of her paper could be grounds for better and improved researches. Subjects of the Study The subjects of the study are randomly chosen.As evident on the research conducted, the author claims that most of the data gathered are from abrupt conversations, overheard conversations and observations. Hence, the paper claims that there is no way that the author could further verify if the same emotions or motives still apply after that particular day or the days after that particular study. Similarly, the context of the study (Holloway, 2002) that is in Northeast America does not allow the study’s conclusion to be extended to other locations or cultural contexts. Conclusion:The paper would say that the author’s attempts to verify that recreational gambler’s motivations in gambling are primarily driven by their hedonistic moti ves are successful. However, there should be enough detail that should be given in terms of the literature’s completeness, further efforts to make the methodology more valid and a more diverse choosing of the respondents. Literature Cited Holloway, I. (2002). Qualitative Research Methods in Public Relations and Marketing Communications. London: Routledge. Bailey K. (1994). Methods of Social Research. New York: The Free Press.

society Essay - 571 Words

Argument: Why You Should Not Smoke Cigarettes nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;You should not smoke cigarettes because of three reasons: Smoking causes cancer, Smoking is an expensive habit and Smoking also can cause heart disease. Smoking is linked to cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx and esophagus. Smoking is an expensive habit with cigarette packs cost anywhere from three to four dollars a pack, it adds up to a great expense. Also smoking cigarettes can cause a higher risk to develop heart disease. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first reason why you should not smoke cigarettes is because it causes cancer. According to National Cancer Institute article entitled, Cigarette Smoking and Cancer: Questions and Answers, quot;Cigarette†¦show more content†¦In one month one pack a day can add up to ninety dollars two packs day one hundred and eight dollars. In six months at one pack a day it can cost five hundred and fifty dollars. In six months two packs a day can cost one thousand one hundred dollars. This amount really surprised me, but when I read the article, Twenty good reason to stop smoking from the Cancer Society , it stated that â€Å"At a rate of twenty cigarettes per day a smoker will pay around $3102 per year to support the habit. Over 20 years that is $62,040 which is two cars or a major house extension or your children’s education.† If someone has a small child and they are smoking at the present moment they should look at this quote and take it to he art. The third reason why you should not smoke cigarettes is because it increases your chances for a heart disease. According to American Heart Association website, Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases, â€Å"Cigarette smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease by itself. Smoking increases blood pressure, decreases exercise tolerance and increases the tendency for blood to clot.† I think heart disease is a great risk for death, smoking increases the chances of someone developing a serious disease, and this is something people should think of before they light up. These are the reasons someone should stop smoking. You can tell someone who smokes all these facts but they must look at the whole picture and tell themselves it is time to quit. I alsoShow MoreRelatedLiterature: Mirror of Society1167 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature: Mirror of Society That literature is a reflection of the society is a fact that has been widely acknowledged. Literature indeed reflects the society, its good values and its ills. In its corrective function, literature mirrors the ills of the society with a view to making the society realize its mistakes and make amends. It also projects the virtues or good values in the society for people to emulate. 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