Best Writing Paper Explained

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Tesco - Customer Service Essay - 1619 Words

Tesco Ââ€" Customer service Customer service is the most important aspect of any business. Without an adequate relationship with its consumer base, a company is at an enormous disadvantage. Todays world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organisations must provide high quality products or services in order to survive, however their competitors also providing the same or comparable products or services. An important way to an organisation to get an edge over its competitors is to provide extra service to satisfy and delight their customers, which can retain them and also gain new customers. Therefore the achievement of customer satisfaction must be a major objective in all organisations. To achieve†¦show more content†¦Payment facilities: Customers want the company to provide a variety of payment facilities. (E.g. credit card, cash) so they can pay for the goods easier. Facilities: Customer may need a rest place and toilet when they shop in Tesco. Disable will need a lift and disable toilet. Customer with kids or baby will need some facilities for them. The needs and expectations of internal customers: Information and Assistance: Internal customers need to get the new information about the company and get assistance on employment law in relation to personnel problems. Communication: Employees of Marks Spencer are kept well informed of the performance and objectives of the group through personal briefings, regular meetings and e-mail. Regular stock: They need regular stocks of advertisements, printed forms and to buy stationary and repair. Inter-shop computer: Internal customers want rapid processing of transactions through the inter-shop computer system. Complaints: If they are dissatisfied with the services of head office or regional shops, they need to be able to make a complaint. Services: Internal customers need politely given services. Delivery on time: They want documents that are sent from other offices delivered on time. Training: New workers will be relatively unproductive if they received no job-related training. Payment:Show MoreRelatedCustomer services at Tesco4812 Words   |  20 PagesMethods used by Tesco to monitor if good customer service is taking place. If Tescos know how good or bad their customer service is then they can make improvements where appropriate. Since they are in such a competitive market they must monitor regularly and act fast on anything which needs improving. Tescos is such a big company it will be hard to monitor the customer service in all the stores, but an easy and efficient way of doing this is to use mystery shoppers. This is basically when a researcherRead MoreTesco : Customer Services And Meeting The Needs And Expectation Of The Customers2213 Words   |  9 Pagesorganisation which Tesco and I will link the expectation of client to the organisation and the method they use to provide the Services and meeting the needs and expectation of the customers. How the organisation provides customer services. Tesco is worldwide organisation which is well known in providing services to their customers, the organisation is been operating since the early 1924 providing services to consumers. Tesco provide their services to its customers, there are many type of services that TescoRead MoreA Critical Study Of Service Quality And Customer Satisfaction At Tesco2307 Words   |  10 Pagesstudy of service quality and customer satisfaction at Tesco, Uk. Student: Margeanu Vlad ID: K1122783 Supervisor: Dr. Emmanouil Noikokyris Kingston University Word count: 2042 1 i Content Title 1 i Contents 2 Abstract 3 Literature review 4-6 Methodology 7 Conclusion 8 Action Plan 8 References 9 2 Abstract: The dissertation will examine the service quality of Tesco and how satisfied are customers with Tesco’s customer service. Customer satisfactionRead More Tescos Customer Service Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesTescos Customer Service Customer service is the most important aspect of any business. Without an adequate relationship with its consumer base, a company is at an enormous disadvantage. Today’s world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organisations must provide high quality products or services in order to survive, however their competitors also providing the same or comparable products or services. An important way to an organisation to get an edge over its competitorsRead MoreHow functional areas link1130 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I will be discussing how functional areas link with each other within Tesco. The functional areas in any business can’t work alone; they must interact with other departments and have good communications within them. Most functional areas in Tesco deal with external people or organisations, these are called external links. For example, suppliers, which are usually contacted by the purchasing or production function to make orders; the RD department then contacts specialist suppliersRead MoreCustomer1411 Words   |  6 Pagesa successful company should focus on its products and profits. But now, marketers tend to regard satisfying customer needs as one of the key elements of achieving success under contemporary marketing environment where is filled with fierce competition. This indicates that many firms nowadays always attempt to identify customer needs and concentrate its production and strategies on customer demand in order to survive in the market. This essay will firstly clarify the reasons behind the trend, whichRead MoreStakeholders Of A Business Organization1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthe sales. Workers want to work to earn high wages and keep their jobs. Employees are an important part of T esco as they are the company backbone, it is important that Tesco employees are kept happy and highly motivated within work to provide the customers the best possible customer service. †¢ Managers- The managers take care of the employees. Managers are concerned about their salary. Tesco have managers to keep employees in order and make sure they know their specific job duties. External Stakeholders:Read MoreD1 Evaluate the Influence Different Stakeholders Exert in One Organisation1461 Words   |  6 Pagesgoing to evaluate the influence that stakeholders exert on Tesco. I will be evaluating the following stakeholders: customers, employees, shareholders, suppliers, the government and owners. The first stakeholder I am going to evaluate is customers which are external stakeholders. Customers contribute to profit levels and turnover through buying products and services. People are stakeholders in a company for financial reasons, customers do not want to have to spend an excessive amount of money toRead MoreThe Success Of Tesco And The Uk Supermarket Industry1143 Words   |  5 Pagesit is based upon capturing market share in the best possible manner to enhance the brand appeal and acceptance in the long run. Tesco is one of the largest supermarket chains in the UK, with a huge brand presence. It has introduced loyalty schemes that have been successful in attracting customers, along with enhancing the brand’s appeal and success. The success of Tesco is well known along with the fact that the brand lacked success in gaining the top position in the supermarket industry, when itRead MoreTescos Functional Areas1270 Words   |  6 PagesFunctional areas In all companies there are many different tasks which need to be carried out regularly, in order for the business to reach its aims and objectives. Stock needs to be brought, the bills and finances need to be controlled, and customer service issues dealt with and so on. In a small organisation one or two people may do all the jobs, whereas in a large organisation people have to be specialized in many different individual tasks. In a large company it is easier to identify the separate

Outline and Evaluate Types of Attachment free essay sample

‘Strange Situation’ study aim was to investigate what type of attachment the infants had to their caregiver. Therefore, Ainsworth used 12 to 18 months infants in an experiment to test this. Ainsworth had several conditions to allow the observer to identify what reaction the infants are showing and hence, which attachment type. In a play area room, the infant and mother spent some time playing, suddenly the mother leaves (reaction of baby will be observed), then she will come back and reaction of the baby will be analysed again. Then a stranger will enter the room (analysing the infants reaction and behaviour), then mother leaves (analysing the infant reaction and behaviour) and mother enters again. Ainsworth found that there are three types of attachment, 70% were secure attachment, 15% insecure avoidant and 15% insecure ambivalent (resistant). In evaluation, psychologists argue that Ainsworth study is very reliable, as the study has been replicated in several countries and similar results have been found. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate Types of Attachment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a Meta analysis and found that attachment can be seen universal and in all countries secure attachment was the main attachment. However, critics also criticise that insecure avoidant and ambivalent has been different levels in different countries. Therefore it can be argues that Ainsworth study is not reliable as it doesn’t give the same result when replicated. In addition, the experiment has high ecological validity as it very likely that the infant will be in circumstances were it will left alone and meet strangers, therefore can be easily related to real life. However, it is also arguable that that the departure of the mother in a strange place can be very stressful for the infant. Therefore, some psychologists argue that conducting the experiment in the infant’s home can cause less stress and can be a suitable solution, like Schaffer and Emerson used in their study of attachment. Furthermore on this evaluation, Kagan argued that Ainsworth theory emphasis the role of mother too much and ignores temperament of the baby such its personality. In conclusion, the study has been well done both reliability and validity high, allowing the study to be accurate and showing the types of attachment successfully. Even though they are some limitations I believe that these limitations do not affect the findings, and are only mild limitations. (My teacher gave this 11/12 and said that in my evaluation I should include the BPS.

Organizational Change Essay Example

Organizational Change Paper Organizational Change Slide 1 Organizational change is a process that is geared towards the pursuit of becoming better. These changes can be brought about by different factors. To fully grasp organizational change, it is a structural method that involves change in both process and concept. Change at the process level refers to the procedural shift in achieving the desired outcome, while change in content refers to the descriptions of the changes that an organization has actually undertook (Barnet Carroll, 1995). Nine Reason’s for Organizational Change Slide 2 The need for change can be brought about by different reasons. Robert W. Swaim in his article suggested nine reasons organizations need to change. The first reasons is crisis, this can come in different form: political, social, financial, religious and the like. Second to the line is Performance Gap, this happens when the vision mission and goals of an organization is not met, then the need to do organizational change is vital. Third reason is New Technology, the advance of new technology which brings positive impact to the company can be a great reason for change. Fourth reason is Identification to Opportunities, competition in the field can bring about the need to undergo organizational change. Fifth reason is Reaction to External and Internal Pressures, management and employees can impact internal change, while clientele, competition, change in government regulations, shareholders, financial market and the like are examples of external pressure. Sixth reason is Mergers and Acquisitions, when organizations are merged or an organization is acquired or reacquired, then the need to revamp the process and content is helpful for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Seventh reason is Change for the Sake of Change, administration turnover can cause organizational change. New administration would most likely want to prove something and so they change for the sake of change. Eight reason happens when new engineering fads bloom and the company think it sounds good and so they implement the change. The ninth reason is Planned Abandonment, this happens when an organization abandon products, market, resources, in exchange to new opportunities (Swaim, 2011). Many nursing homes still uses paper charting and papers are prone from getting burn and risk of being read by any unauthorized individuals. Due to the fact that the process of electronic charting has started, other nursing home will have to re-evaluate their mission and vision in order to move toward change. Using computers at work allows nurses to do their job efficiently and safely. Many patients and their families are gearing towards the advancement of new technology to be able to deliver safe and effective health care. Identification of opportunities brings competition to the market which allow patients to better options. The health care government and patients can also put pressure to healthcare organizations to improve their services. The desire for change can impact the lives of many patients which are always re-evaluated for its effectiveness. New administrators can facilitate this change at any time they want with stakeholders in mind. New opportunities arise causing better health services and new creating technology to change the way health care system work. Statistic of EMR Use Slide 3 The table presents the data from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. It reflects the trends in percentages of office-based physician with EMR/EHR systems from 2001-2012. In the 2012 survey, 10,302 physicians participated in the survey. It can be gleaned on the graph that a decline in the use of EMR/HER is observable since two years from 2011. This decline can be attributed to the lack of knowledge and training in the use of the system. However, EMR/HER system has gone up higher starting the year 2004 to present. It can be observed from the graph that from 2011-2012 has the highest percentage compared to the rest of the year gaining roughly about 14. 8 percent from 57% t0 71. 8 % (Hsiao, 2012). Advantages of EMR Slide 4 As America’s hospitals venture farther into the electronics age, nurses are beginning to recognize the benefits the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) provides both to their patients and their profession (Orlovsky, 2005). It provides fewer medicals errors by reminding the staff when the next medication is due, better patient plan of care, and improved patient safety such as falls and pressure sores (Furukawa et. al. , 2011). Electronic medical records can also improve quality care for patients due to accessibility of the whole interdisciplinary team for faster delivery of health care service (Furukawa et. al. , 2011). Paper records increases risk being burned and submerged into water. Organizational Change Essay Example Organizational Change Essay Organizational Change Slide 1 Organizational change is a process that is geared towards the pursuit of becoming better. These changes can be brought about by different factors. To fully grasp organizational change, it is a structural method that involves change in both process and concept. Change at the process level refers to the procedural shift in achieving the desired outcome, while change in content refers to the descriptions of the changes that an organization has actually undertook (Barnet Carroll, 1995). Nine Reason’s for Organizational Change Slide 2 The need for change can be brought about by different reasons. Robert W. Swaim in his article suggested nine reasons organizations need to change. The first reasons is crisis, this can come in different form: political, social, financial, religious and the like. Second to the line is Performance Gap, this happens when the vision mission and goals of an organization is not met, then the need to do organizational change is vital. Third reason is New Technology, the advance of new technology which brings positive impact to the company can be a great reason for change. Fourth reason is Identification to Opportunities, competition in the field can bring about the need to undergo organizational change. Fifth reason is Reaction to External and Internal Pressures, management and employees can impact internal change, while clientele, competition, change in government regulations, shareholders, financial market and the like are examples of external pressure. Sixth reason is Mergers and Acquisitions, when organizations are merged or an organization is acquired or reacquired, then the need to revamp the process and content is helpful for the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Change specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Seventh reason is Change for the Sake of Change, administration turnover can cause organizational change. New administration would most likely want to prove something and so they change for the sake of change. Eight reason happens when new engineering fads bloom and the company think it sounds good and so they implement the change. The ninth reason is Planned Abandonment, this happens when an organization abandon products, market, resources, in exchange to new opportunities (Swaim, 2011). Many nursing homes still uses paper charting and papers are prone from getting burn and risk of being read by any unauthorized individuals. Due to the fact that the process of electronic charting has started, other nursing home will have to re-evaluate their mission and vision in order to move toward change. Using computers at work allows nurses to do their job efficiently and safely. Many patients and their families are gearing towards the advancement of new technology to be able to deliver safe and effective health care. Identification of opportunities brings competition to the market which allow patients to better options. The health care government and patients can also put pressure to healthcare organizations to improve their services. The desire for change can impact the lives of many patients which are always re-evaluated for its effectiveness. New administrators can facilitate this change at any time they want with stakeholders in mind. New opportunities arise causing better health services and new creating technology to change the way health care system work. Statistic of EMR Use Slide 3 The table presents the data from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. It reflects the trends in percentages of office-based physician with EMR/EHR systems from 2001-2012. In the 2012 survey, 10,302 physicians participated in the survey. It can be gleaned on the graph that a decline in the use of EMR/HER is observable since two years from 2011. This decline can be attributed to the lack of knowledge and training in the use of the system. However, EMR/HER system has gone up higher starting the year 2004 to present. It can be observed from the graph that from 2011-2012 has the highest percentage compared to the rest of the year gaining roughly about 14. 8 percent from 57% t0 71. 8 % (Hsiao, 2012). Advantages of EMR Slide 4 As America’s hospitals venture farther into the electronics age, nurses are beginning to recognize the benefits the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) provides both to their patients and their profession (Orlovsky, 2005). It provides fewer medicals errors by reminding the staff when the next medication is due, better patient plan of care, and improved patient safety such as falls and pressure sores (Furukawa et. al. , 2011). Electronic medical records can also improve quality care for patients due to accessibility of the whole interdisciplinary team for faster delivery of health care service (Furukawa et. al. , 2011). Paper records increases risk being burned and submerged into water.

ACL Injuries in Athletes essays

ACL Injuries in Athletes essays The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) attaches the femur, which is the thighbone, and the tibia, which is the shin, together (northstar). A torn ACL is one of the most excruciating experiences in an athletes life. It is the first thing that comes to mind when they hurt their knee on the field; for many it is their greatest fear. A torn ACL can sometimes mean the end of an athletes career. It can mean losing the chance to get that scholarship for young athletes, and it can also mean the end of those million dollar paychecks for those who have gone professional. A torn ACL can result in numerous surgeries, months of vigorous exercise and rehabilitation, and a sufficient amount of pain. It requires complete patience, for pushing too hard can result in further, more painful injury. Even after all that, an athlete is not guaranteed he or she will ever be able to play sports again. The anterior cruciate ligament is the reason that the knee only has one pattern of movement. Instead of moving sideways and up and down, the knee only serves as a pivot for flexion (bending) and extension (straightening); it holds the tibia and femur in place (northstar). In the northstar web page it is stated that, The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most important ligaments to athletes because of its main function, stabilization of the joint while decelerating. In other words, it is the reason that we can stop abruptly without our leg collapsing. Obviously this asset makes it an essential to have a functioning ACL while playing sports. It is an especially common injury in soccer, which is a game of constant abrupt stops. Not only is soccer a danger to the ACL because of its constant stops and starts, it is also a game of jumps, falls, and slide-tackles, which put a continuous stress on the ACL for the entire 90 minutes of the game. ACL tears are also more common in women . It is said that the reason for this is because women...

The 11 Best Performing Arts Colleges in the US

The 11 Best Performing Arts Colleges in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Attending a performing arts college is a big decision- you’re committing to focusing exclusively on your art for four years. Once you’ve made this choice, you need to find a school that'll allow you to accomplish your career goals. In order to help you find the right school for you, I’ve compiled a list of the best performing arts colleges in the US.Keep reading to see what these are! How Is "Performing Arts College" Defined for This List? This list includesschools that exclusively offer drama and dance degrees.Since music schools tend to differ dramatically (I’m so punny) from drama and dance schools, I’ve left themout of this article; if you want to read more about the best music schools in the US, here is place to find that information. Furthermore,I’ve focused on schools where drama and/or dance is a priority.These schools only offer performing arts degrees or have specialized performing arts schools at the larger university. Going to a performing arts college has many advantages for students. You will be surrounded by like-minded artists who will inspire you, help you with your creative pursuits, and also likely be your colleagues when you graduate.Additionally, you’ll be at a school that doesn’t view your art as a mere extracurricular activity. Althoughit's possible toget a performing arts degrees from other colleges,this list of best performing arts colleges is focused on students who know 100% they exclusively want to study acting or dance and are looking for an environment that fully supports them in their ambitions. How Did I Decide on These Top Performing Arts Colleges? Don’t ever take rankings of the top performing arts colleges as absolute fact- not even those from Backstage or The Hollywood Reporter. Instead, you should use these articles as a starting point for your own research.Whenever you look at a list of the best performing arts colleges, try to see how the rankings were determined. Here, I’ll explain how I came up with this unscientific list of schools.I started by limiting my search to schools that prioritize dance and drama by only offering performing arts degrees or by having a specialized program within the larger university. I then took the following three criteria into consideration: Ranking:I used a variety of ranking lists from respected industry sources such as Backstage and The Hollywood Reporter as a starting point for my research. On-Campus Off-Campus Extracurricular Opportunities:It’s important as a performer to have the chance to actually perform. Does the school provide opportunities? Do you have the option to intern off-campus with a local theatre or dance group? Can you study abroad at premier programs? Do you get to perform in an industry showcase? Notable Alumni:How many alumni have risen to the top of their fields? If there are a lot of notable alumni, the program they attended likely contributed to their success, either by providing them with superior skills or superior resources (such as internships, industry connections, etc.). I split this list into tiers instead of rankings since rankings are usually not that meaningful. Tier 1 schools are the cream-of-the-crop performing arts colleges; they provide students with the most extracurricular opportunities and have the longest lists of notable alumni.Tier 2 schools are still excellent but don’t have the same opportunities or as many notable alumni as the Tier 1 schools do. Note that not all of these schools are excellent for both dance and drama.Actually, some of these schools only offer a dance or a drama program.Within each school description, I’ve noted whether it’s a top school for dance, drama, or both. At Tier 1 schools, you can perform in first-rate productions. Best Performing Arts Colleges: Tier 1 We'll start our list with the Tier 1 schools, orthe best performing arts colleges in the country. The Juilliard School- Drama and Dance Always listed near the top of both drama and dance rankings,Juilliard boasts an unbelievably long list of notable alumni who altogether have won more than 105 Grammy Awards, 62 Tony Awards, 47 Emmy Awards, 26 Bessie Awards, 24 Academy Awards, 16 Pulitzer Prizes, and 12 National Medals for the Arts. The school is extremely exclusive, selecting only eight to 10 students for the BFA Acting Program, eight to 10 students for the MFA Acting Program, and about 24 students for the BFA Dance Program. Outside the classroom, the dance program holds 15 public performance each year, and the drama program puts on many plays and senior showcases in both New York and Los Angeles for industry professionals such as casting directors, agents, and managers. NYU Tisch School of the Arts- Drama and Dance Like Juilliard,NYU Tischis also always near the top of the rankingsfor both drama and dance. And for good reason: the school hasa long list of notable alumni, many of whom have performed on Broadway, at Radio City Music Hall, and in movies and on TV. Tisch offers incredible extracurricular opportunities, such as dancing in the Jack Crystal in front of live audiences. The school takes advantage of its NYC environment by partnering drama students with professional acting studios where they canperform in a wide array of productions led by world-famous theatre artists and faculty. Tisch allows drama students to specialize in either Theatre or Musical Theatre. Carnegie Mellon University- Drama Carnegie Mellon is a drama powerhouse with a faculty of working theater professionals and well-known alumni, including Holly Hunter, Ted Danson, and Zachary Quinto. This school offers separate acting and musical theatre degrees as well, giving students the option to specialize. There are 20 shows per year, allowing for many performance opportunities. Additionally, the school cancels classes for a week each year to let students engage in performances of any kind (such as original works or adaptations of movies). Seniors get to perform in showcases in New York, Los Angeles, and Pittsburgh in front of industry professionals. Theatre schoolhas fun costumes! Boston Conservatory- Dance One of the top dance programs in the US, the Boston Conservatory boasts a faculty of world-class artistswho have worked with notable choreographerssuchas Antony Tudor, Robert Joffrey,Josà © Limà ³n, Martha Graham, Alvin Ailey, and Agnes de Mille, and with dance companies such as Boston Ballet, Joffrey Ballet of New York, and Limà ³n Dance Company. There are many performance opportunities throughout the year,the most prestigious being the ability to perform as a member of the Boston Conservatory Dance Theater.Alumni perform with dance companies around the globe as well as on Broadway. Yale University- Drama (MFA) No best performing arts colleges list would be complete without the Yale School of Drama. This school isworld renowned for its MFA Acting program; however, I'd advise against doing the more general BA program,which doesn’t give you access to the same faculty or performance opportunities. The MFA program boasts a long list of famous alumni, including Meryl Streep and Lupita Nyong’o. In the final year, students act in showcases in both New York and Los Angeles in front of industry professionals. In the past 10 years, 100% of graduates have landed agents or managers within the first month out of school. Express yourself. Best Performing Arts Colleges: Tier 2 In this section, we take a look at other great performing arts colleges that I've classified as Tier 2. Northwestern University- Drama Northwestern is one of the few drama schools that doesn’t require an audition for admission. However, getting accepted is tough because drama students are held to high academic standards, and the current university acceptance rate is around 8%. Students have many opportunities to perform in both school-sponsored and student-run shows. Seniors are invited to participate in showcases in New York and Chicago in front of industry professionals. The school also has a handful of famous alumni, including David Schwimmer, Stephen Colbert, Anna Gunn, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and Zach Braff. UNC School of the Arts- Drama and Dance UNCSAis home to exceptional drama and dance programs. Alumni of the dance program have gone on to perform with the American Ballet Theatre, the New York City Ballet, the Pacific Northwest Ballet, the Joffrey Ballet, the Paul Taylor Dance Company, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, and the Martha Graham Ensemble. Others have danced with performers such as Lady Gaga, Janet Jackson, and Beyoncà ©. Drama and dance students at UNCSA have many performance opportunities including a senior showcase for industry professionals in New York. Drama students also perform their showcase in Los Angeles.In 2013, 17 out of 25 UNCSA drama students signed with an agent or manager after the showcase.Notable drama alumni include Mary-Louise Parker and Dane DeHaan. California Institute of the Arts (CalArts)- Drama and Dance CalArts is considered thebest dance school on the West Coast and one of the top drama schools in the country. The School of Dance boasts distinguished faculty and guest artists (as well as choreographer alum Jacques Heim). Meanwhile, the drama school offers several performance opportunities, such as in American College Dance Festivals; it also has an International Exchange program with the London Contemporary Dance Center. The drama school is a great choice for actors who know they want to pursue film or TV acting since,during the final year, students enroll in Acting Studio for the Camera. This course specifically trains students foracting and auditioning for film and TV.Additionally, at the end of the final semester, students get to perform in an industry showcase in Los Angeles.The drama school has a bunch of famous alumni including Don Cheadle, Ed Harris, and Alison Brie. Take the leap and apply to a performing arts school! Rutgers University- Drama and Dance Rutgers' Mason Gross School of the Arts has world-class drama and dance programs. Thanks to its proximity to New York City, the dance program offers students opportunities for master classes and workshops in world dance forms with international artists. It alsohas two tremendous programs abroad, DanceJerusalem in Israel and the Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance in London. Rutgers' drama program is unique and well rounded.Classes run the gamut from Shakespeare to modern TV.Students spend their third year at the Rutgers Conservatory at Shakespeare’s Globe in London, which culminates with a performance on the Globe stage.The final semester is focused on an effective transition into the professional acting world with classes in On-Camera Technique, Auditioning, and Introduction to the Life of a Working Actor.The drama program has some famous alumni, including Kristen Davis and Calista Flockhart. Fordham University- Dance Known primarily for its partnership with the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, Fordham offers students a liberal arts education and collaboration with a world-famous dance company. Additionally, the program and company call Lincoln Center home,which is pretty amazing. Many alumni continue to perform with the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater after graduation, while others have gone on to dance for prestigious companies and on Broadway. Syracuse University- Drama Syracuse offers separate degrees in acting or musical theatre, allowing students to specialize in a particular field.Students have the opportunity to study "abroad" in New York, Los Angeles, and London. They can also perform with the Syracuse Stage, an outstanding Equity theater company, and gain Equity points while still in school. Some well-known alumni include Aaron Sorkin, Frank Langella, and Taye Diggs. So many schools, but where should YOU apply? Which of the Top Performing Arts Colleges Is Best for You? Just because Juilliard is an incredible school doesn't mean you should want to go there. It’s a tiny school with a very intense program; that might not be the best fit for all students. Here are some questions to ask yourself when trying to pick one of these bestperforming arts colleges. What Do You Want to Specialize In? If you’re interested in dance, do you want to do ballet or contemporary?If you’re interested in acting, do you want to perform in plays, musicals, or TV and movies? Look into the programs and see what courses are offered.Try to avoid picking a school specializing in ballet if you want to do contemporary dance. Similarly, avoid picking a musical theatre program if you want to act in TV (and vice versa). Hip-hop is awesome. What Opportunities Are There Outside the Classroom? I touched on this above, but be sure togo to a performing arts school where the opportunities align with your interests. For example, if you want to do Shakespeare, then Rutgers, which offers a year abroad in London working at the Globe Theatre, might be a better fit for you than CalArts or Northwestern would be. Extracurriculars are where you get your experience, so make sure you’ll be getting experience in your chosen specialty. What’s the School Like? Is it a big school or a small school? Is it a conservatory or is it at a larger university?If you hate large schools, just don’t choose one.You don’t want to dread being surrounded by tons of students or being forced into cheering for the basketball team. If you get overwhelmed by intensity, a conservatory, such as Juilliard or the Boston Conservatory, might not be a great choice for you, since they're both very small programs where competition is fierce and there's no break from your art since you're surrounded exclusively by other artists. On the other hand, at a school like Syracuse, you could take breaks from your theatre community by hanging out with otherstudents whoare majoring in journalism, engineering, pre-med, etc. In short, pick a school where you will be most comfortable so that you can thrive. What’s Next? Are you interested in pursuing a performing arts degree in a specific region? Check out our lists ofperforming arts colleges in New York and performing arts colleges in California. Most of the schools above require ACT or SAT scores with your application. Get help studying for these tests with our ultimate SAT/ACT study guides. Taking the ACT or SAT really soon?Then take a look atour guide to cramming for the SAT or our guide to cramming for the ACT.

Mental Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Mental Process - Research Paper Example In fact, thinking explores everything, including the bizarre and the impossible. People make sense of all empirical experiences and spiced these with theoretical ideation to recreate realities for innovative decision-making. Most decision-making is products of realities that put human beings either at challenging, confrontational, and transformational experiences. Hence, these pushed them to respond in recreating rational models to transform those obsolete and inaccurate models of perceiving the world. Crook and Gunther (2005) shared the perception that latent experiences can be remodeled and recreated to gain competitive leverage again from this complex social environment through sustained experimentation and trailblazing on new thoughts. Researchers opined that intuition and coming up with new ideas is an opportunity to deconstruct old thoughts and adopt new strategic models for distinctive and practical ends (Crook and Gunther, 2005). Experts opined that cognition is always stimulated by some factors and is acted by numerous variables to inspire a person to respond to or to act on it. The manipulation and discernment of information are simple ways in which people are driven to act and to respond to some incitements. For instance, leaders meet, assess trends, deliberate facts, and come up with recommendations that can be used as a blueprint of actions for situations. The outcomes are first being perceived and expected before it’s actualized to generate desired results. Through this, those who are rationalizing the plan, actions and outcome are more knowledgeable of potential opportunities to explore including the potential and intermittent impact of the action. Businessmen can only competitively leverage if they can rationalize decision-making and adopt innovation for competitive leveraging. Hence, they will delve into new models of thoughts to set their creativity at liberty.

Domestic Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Domestic Terrorism - Essay Example Specifically, the essay aims to present the effects of acts of domestic terrorists in relation to destruction of human lives, economic impact and public policy changes in the country. One of the primary institutions in the country which is actively involved in studying terrorist activities is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The FBI classified terrorist related activities into three: (1) terrorist incident (â€Å"a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the criminal laws of the United States, or of any state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives†); (2) suspected terrorist incident (â€Å"a potential act of terrorism for which responsibility cannot be attributed to a known or suspected group†); and (3) terrorism prevention (â€Å"is a documented instance in which a violent act by a known or suspected terrorist group or individual with the means and a proven propensity for violence is successfully interdicted through investigative activity†). (Terrorism in the United States 1999 ii) Domestic terrorism is also being evaluated in terms of their motivation. Presley (1996) presented the delineation of terrorist activities according to the following motivations: â€Å"(1) religious convictions, (2) racial prejudice and supremacist goals, (3) anarchistic/anti-government/ politically motivated, or (4) in pursuit of unique special interests† (p. 15). Contemporary research reveals that these motivations have specifically identified group classifications of domestic terrorism. These groups were identified by the FBI study as of right-wing, left-wing, or special interest orientations. Their causes generally spring from issues relating to American political and social concerns. (ibid. p. 23). In related documents, groups

Dance Elements Essay Example for Free

Dance Elements Essay Literal meaning of the word kathak is related to katha, the art of story-telling, â€Å"Katha Kahe So Kathaka Kahave†, which means â€Å"one who tells a story is a story-teller†. According to M. Monier Williams, Katha denotes conversation, story, speech, tale or fable. Katha also means to ‘ sing in praise’, ‘to say or inform something’. Thus, kathakars were originally a caste of story-tellers who were attached to temples in certain parts of Northern India. These kathakars used to go around the countryside narrating the stories of the Epics and other Legends. The modes employed were poetry, music and dance. All these three arts were closely inter-linked. The aim of kathaks was to educate the people in the knowledge of Gods and Mythological Legends. Historically kathak dates back to the Vedic period which are full of descriptions and stories which give us an insight into the mind of those who wrote or composed jthem. Kathak dance is evolved from religious and mythological concepts. In Ramayana period, we can see many glimpses of music and dance. The Ramayana tells the story of an ideal heroic prince Rama of Ayodhya and his devoted wife Sita. This ancient tale has been treasured and retold for countless generation in every Hindu house; they worshipped Rama as the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. In Ramayana we find a mention of recitors who were specialised in story-telling. Lava and Kusha, the two brave sons of Rama rendered Ramayana in verses composed by Sage Valmiki. While reciting the stories, they also added the element of acting-Abhinaya. From that time nomadic bards who narrated the Ramayana were known as ‘Kushilavas’. As a matter of fact, the term kushilavas has been associated with dancers and actors. Likewise, many mythological stories were depicted through gestures, postures and abhinaya. The another story of Ramayana which tells us that how Ravana, the king of Lanka worshipped Lord Shiva with song and dance. Also the story of Ravana assaulting Rambha, one of the main Apsaras. According to Kapila Vatsyayan, in Ramayana, the Apsaras are the most important mythological characters who danced and performed both in heaven and earth. There are various other instances like the stories of the grand act of breaking Shiva’s bow in â€Å"Sita Swayamvar†, the evil plotting of Kaikayee, the Banishment of Rama to a fourteen-year exile, Sita’s kidnapping by Ravana and the war that ensued leading to Rama’s victory and Sita’s rescue. Thus, Ramayana is rich in incident and moral concept. We come across many references to perfomances of dances from the Mahabharata. In this period, worship and adoration of Bramha, Vishnu and Mahesh started with music and dance. Krishna is the ‘Sutradhara’ (around whom the entire Mahabharata developed) and he was an expert dancer. The Mahabharata depicts episodes of Krishna’s life that how he is adopted and raised by a family of cowherds. The stories of his childhood of stealing butter and milkmaids known as â€Å"MakhanChori†. His dance of his youth with Radha and Braj narees is known as â€Å"Rasa Lila†. His spiritual love dance with Gopis or Milkmaids by the bank of Yamuna river in moonlit night is known as â€Å"MahaRaas†. The story of â€Å"Kaliya Daman† which tells us how Krishna defeated the poisonous snake Kaliya and danced on his hoods. The story of â€Å"Govardhan Dharan† which tells us how krishna picked and hold the Govardhan mountain to protect the people of Vrindavan from heavy rain. Another important episode of Mahabharata is known as â€Å"Vastraharan†, in which Krishna saves the honour of the Pandava Queen Draupadi. The story goes that Dushasana, one of the Kaurava brothers attempted to humilate her by disrobing her. Draupadi called out to Krishna to save her and miraculously, as layer after layer of her saree was pulled, the number of sarees went on increasing. This episode is a popular theme in Kathak dance. Mahabharata also depicts the story of the five Pandava brothers who were unjustly deprived of their kingdom by their cousins, the kauravas, and of the great battle of Kurukshetra that established the victory of the Pandavas after much suffering and bloodshed. The Mahabharata also describes Krishna’s role as the Charioteer of Arjuna during the battle of Kurukshetra, and his conversation on the battlefield constitutes the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, the celebrated philosophical work. Thus, it is clear that by the time of Mahabharata, the arts of music and dance developed sufficient content, form, style to be taught in a systematic order. The training also seems to be elaborate with rules and regulations. Natyashastra is an encyclopedic work having 36 chapters and it deals with various topics such as the first 3 chapters deal with the origin of Natya, construction of theatre, Rangapooja, etc. , 4th and 5th chapters deal with the varieties of Dance. The 6th and 7th deal with Rasa and Bhava. From the 8th chapter of the 15th one, the different poses of Dance are being dealt with. The different aspects of Abhinaya are described in 15 to 22 and from 22nd to 28th describe the costumes elaborately. The chapters from 28th to 34 deal with music and musical instruments and the last two deal with the different characters and costumes. Natyashastra also describes the divine character and dance of the Nataraja, the dancing Lord Shiva who is considered the king of actors and dancers and also the supreme Lord of Dance. The moon which he adorns in his head is the symbol complete control of his senses. The serpents wound around his body is the proof of his complete control over vital life forces. His foot raised high over the wicked demon, a symbol of victory over the ego. This divine art form is performed by Shiva and his wife Goddess Parvati. The Dance performed Lord Shiva is known as â€Å"Tandava†, which depicts his violent nature as the destructor of the Universe. The Dance performed by Goddess Parvati is known as â€Å"Lasya†, in which the movements are gentle, graceful, erotic and it is also called the feminine version of Tandava. Therefore, according to Kapila Vatsyayan, Bharata attributes to dancing a divine origin, a literary and religious heritage both in thought and technique and aesthetic secular purpose. It has also been mentioned in Natyashastra, how to interpret the different moods of man accompanied by Bhava, Raga and Tal – all directed to create rasa or emotion in the spectators who are called â€Å"Rasikaas†. From the 7th and 8th century, â€Å"Sangeet† occupied a prominent place in the society. The art of sculptures also made great strides and most of the sculptures depicted various dance poses. Temples were the places of origin whereas the dancers or the priests danced in praise of the Lord enacting various mythological stories. Temples sprang up where the devotees gathered to pray to the Almighty God or hear stories about Him. The Temple connection is well established as can be seen in the art of â€Å"Kathavachakas† who carry on the tradition to this day in the North in the Temple boundaries and in open spaces. With the passage of time, in the medieval period, the Bhakti movement influenced all over India. The vast spiritual empire established by Vaishnavism in the North embraces life in its totality. The fine arts found a fuller expression by the 15th and the 16th centuries A. D. Literature, music, dance, painting and other fine arts flourished with the patronage extended by the temples, priests and devotees. In particular the Rasa Lilas in Braj and the neighbouring areas of Mathura in the North sustained the tradition that centered round Vishnu and his recognization as Krishna. The Bhakti movement inspired a whole new school of poetry, dance and music. Krishna and radha are the presiding deities of Vaishnavism and it was on the basis of Leelas of Krishna that precious and distinctive art heritage of Vaishnavism was built up. Mirabai, Surdas and Tulsidas for e. g. wrote powerful devotional verses on longing and separation, expressing the yearning of the human soul for union with God. They chosen the themes was the love of radha for krishna. Krishna Leela though brought out in high relief by Vaishnavism but it had its origin in the past and it can be traced easily to the periods of Mahabharata and Bhasa. In Braj, the Rasa lila’s developed as a combination of music, dance and narration that was used to enact the Krishna Legends – especially the Radha-Krishna idea and stories of Krishna’s youth with the gopis or milkmaids. Hence, the earliest compositions in kathak were based on the religious and stylised music of North India, notably the Dhrupad, Keertan, Hori, Dhamar, Pad and Bhajan. According to Mohan Khokar, Keertans are similar style to dhrupad, but they may, unlike the latter, also be sung in chorus. Keertan is a spiritual practice belonging to the path of Bhakti (devotion). Keertan more specifically means the chanting of sacred sounds or mantras. The Rasa Lila miracle plays of Braj were formerly staged to the accompaniment of keertan music only. Keertans were meant both for singing and dancing. Whereas Bhajans are strictly devotional songs and are in praise of deities such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, Ganesha, Durga, etc. The songs are rendered in ragas, but improvised tunes are also freely used. Stories and episodes from scriptures, the teachings of saints and description of Gods have all been the subject of Bhajan. Bhajans of Mirabai, Tulsidas, Surdas, Kabir, the Ashtachhap poets and other composers are a part of kathak repertoire. Some of the Famous Bhajans of Mirabai is the following: â€Å"Baso more nanun mein nandlal, Mor mukut makrakrit kundal, arun tilak diyo bhal, Mohni murat – saavari surat, naina bane bisaal, Adhar sudha – ras murli rajat, ur baijanti maal. Chhudra ghantika kati tat sobhit, nupur sabad rasaal, Mira’ prabhu santan sukhdai, bhagat – bachhal gopal† With the advent of the Mughals, the Hindustani music underwent a drastic change. The stylised music absorbed the Mughal influence in a remarkable manner. The dancers moved from the temple courtyard to the palace dubar and this necessitated changes in presentation as Muslim kings could not enjoy the bhava of Bhakti Rasa. Kathak received encouragement at the hands of Nawabs and Rajas. Whereas formerly it was religious and devotional in mood and temperament, now it turned into a means of entertainment. The forms like Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal evolved and became a part of the Hindustani music. The word â€Å"Thumri† has been derived from a combination of two terms i. e. ‘thumak’ (or the chaal) and ‘rijhana’ (or to please). Thus, together meaning graceful stamping of the foot. Thumri is a verse that has Krishna and Radha or Krishna and Gopi’s as its central theme. It is essentially based on the divine romance portraying both aspects of separation and union. The last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah was an accomplished dancer and musician. He composed thumries in classical style and these were sung by the kathak dancers. His contemporaries and the court musicians like Kadarpiya, Akhtar Piya, Lallan Piya, Sikandar Piya and others contributed to its popularity. Although he was a muslim, he liked the Radha-Krishna themes. He himself presented a dance on the Rasa Lila which he called ‘Rahas’. His famous thumries are the following: â€Å"Babul mora nehar chhuto jaye, Chaar kahar mil, doliya uthave, Apna begana chhuto jaye. † Another Thumri: â€Å"Jab chod chale lucknow nagri, Tab hale ‘ali’ par kya guzri, Mahal mahal mein begum rove, Jab hum guzre duniya guzri. † According to PeterLamarche Manuel, Bindadin Maharaj is regarded as one of the most important figures in the development of Thumri as well as Kathak. The kathak Masters Bindadin and his brother Kalka Prasad composed Thumries that were suitable for kathak dancing. Some of the famous Thumri of Bindadin Maharaj is the following: â€Å"Mohe chhedo na, nand ki suno challa, Badi der bhai, ghar jane de mohe.

Issues in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway Essay -- Woolf

Issues in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway revolves around several of the issues that preoccupied the Bloomsbury writers and thinkers as a group. Issues of androgyny, class, madness, and mythology run throughout the novel. While that is hardly an exhaustive list, these notions seem to form the core of the structure of the novel. Woolf herself, when envisioning the project, sought to produce â€Å"a study of insanity and suicide, the world seen by the sane and the insane side by side.† This issue of madness, in particular, gives the novel its form as we follow the twinned lives of Septimus Warren Smith and Clarissa Dalloway. These preoccupations, occuring in the biographical and intellectual lives of the disparate members of Bloomsbury, revolved around Virginia framing the preoccupations and concerns of the text. In terms of the ambiguous gender identities running throughout the text (Clarissa’s frigidity towards her husband, her sexual view of women, and Septimus’s effeminite nature), there is a tendency towards the asexual or the androgynous in the...

Psychology Coursework Essay

We have studied various aspects of organization, its structure, strategy, effectiveness, changes and other aspects. Study of organizations by psychologists has attained much importance in recent times. The broad study includes perception, attitudes, motivation, and interpersonal relationships among members. Every organization is a group of members working towards a common goal. Every organisation has a structure and purpose. It may be a social, political, or a commercial organisation or one for any other purpose. Psychologists ‘research in this field assumes much importance so that suggestions can be ade and implemented for obtaining the optimum results . Several theories are proposed with regard to organizations. M L Blum states that group theory views that associations and human affiliations are primary work motivators in a group. He states that the degree of cooperation in a primary group is critical for its success. So we find that all the members’ contribution go to achieve the goal. So it is essential that each member is properly motivated. Regarding the question put forth about the factors inhibiting or supporting performance,  It can be said that a person could have achieved one part of his target but might have not achieved in another of the same task. The major reason for achieving could be motivation. Among the various factors which go to contribute to achievement , motivation has the great role. The very formation of a group brings in motivation in its members. Clifford T Morgan puts in that motivations are inferences from behaviour. We can never observe motivation but can infer their existence. Motivation ,according to him is a powerful tool for explaining behaviour. Incentive motivation like wages, bonus play a major role in the group work. A member has to be motivated according to his needs. It makes common sense to say that When a person’s needs are taken care of, his performance would increase. Various studies have shown that a person may have upto thirty seven needs. Anyway they can be classified into biological and socio psychological needs. The first one is about his body’s necessities like food, nutrition, rest and so on. The next one is about security, freedom, care, recognition, approval , self respect and so on. It can be safely deducted that any achievement or non achievement can be attributed to the above causes. As an Industrial psychologist, his role would be to ensure that all or atleast most of the motivations are taken care of. This would bring in the best results. Having studied the lesson , we have gained in depth knowledge about the various dimensions about groups. The author goes in detail about the need for changes in groups that is, introduction of new ideas or behaviour due to current technological; changes, global competition and so on. It is suggested in many experiments that resistance would occur for adopting any changes. This can be measured by survey feed backs. The most mportant factor making implementation difficult would be insecure feeling among members particularly if the group is one of working group. It may be a fear of losing jobs or fear of inability to cope with the new methods of work. Let us now take the example of failure to perceive benefits stated in the Lesson. as a reason for resistance for changes. This failure is due to lack of information about the changes. The member is unaware of the reasons or the mode of changes. So communication is essential from the highest level to the lowest level and vice versa. The changes proposed have to be iscussed and analysed with all the members . Their views heard and clarified and convinced. . This gives them the feeling of importance. This again goes on to motivate the member. David G Myers emphasizes the need for group discussions where ideas are pooled and discussed jointly. Just hearing to a person’s arguments is of no use. Active participation brings in better attitude change than merely listening passively. Again ,this may bring in more resistance arguments but a thorough debate with proper information will ultimately result in the members understanding the benefits of the change and being convinced . The industrial psychologist has to see that the members are given assurance of their benefits and all apprehensions removed. Let us now imagine what a person would talk to the CEO if just a few minutes are at his disposal. An Assistant Regional Sales Manager would probably assure the CEO on the lines that his department would welcome changes . He would be keen on impressing the CEO in the short time. He would even go to suggest ignoring resistance and going ahead with changes. He would not miss to suggest a salary hike to all along with changes , which would be beneficial to the organization.

The Scarlet Letter and the Awakening

The Scarlet Letter is a novel based on the commitment of the sin of adultery. Hester, the main character, slept with another man, thus having a child with him while she was already married. The Awakening is novel that is based on selfhood and feminism. Edna does not love her husband the way that he loves her, so she gains feelings for several other men. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, and Kate Chopin’s, The Awakening, both have similar motifs, yet differentiate in many ways, like the actions of Hester and Edna, symbolism in each novel, and how the other characters affect Hester and Edna, which all affect the views on women and femininity. Hester commits adultery by sleeping with Arthur Dimmesdale thus causing her to have a baby with him that she loves dearly. The problem is that Hester already has a husband, whose name is Chillingworth, but she did not love him as much he loved her. Now, she has to wear a scarlet letter, which is an â€Å"A,† on her chest at all times until she finally reveals who the father of her child is. â€Å"Here, there was the taint of deepest sin in the most sacred quality of human life, working such effect that the world was only the darker for this woman’s beauty, and the more lost for the infant that she had borne. † (Hawthorne, 54) The sin that Hester created is hidden behind her beauty and her child. Divine Maternity is a great image for Puritans, which Hester was. As for Edna, she also does not love her husband but she does love her two children. Since Edna does not feel the same way for her husband, feelings for other men start to occur; not only one, but several others. â€Å"Beneath its pink-lined shelter were his wife, Mrs. Pontellier, and young Robert Lebrun. † (Chopin, 2) Robert was one of the men Edna would flirt with and ended up having feelings for. However, Robert cared about Edna too much to have her commit adultery. Both Hester and Edna had to marry during their time, but they did not love their husbands, so they ended up having affairs with another guy, or guys in Edna’s case. Although they both had affairs with someone else, Edna did not actually commit the crime of adultery. She was merely just talking to other guys and developing feelings for them. Hester actually slept with another man and ended up having a baby with him. Hester and Edna’s actions come to show that Hester’s sin is worse than what Edna did, but the two are still very awful. Symbolism plays a huge role in both novels. Pearl is a major dynamic symbol in The Scarlet Letter. She represents the sin of Hester and Dimmesdale. Throughout the novel, she is constantly changing yet still perceived as evil. However, she is named â€Å"Pearl† because of its literal meaning as well. â€Å"But she named the infant ‘Pearl,’ as if being of great price-purchased with all she had-her mother’s only treasure. † (Hawthorne, 85) Pearl is Hester and Dimmesdale’s treasure that they created. The scarlet letter also represents adultery. Hester is to wear it at all times until she finally decides to reveal who the father of Pearl is. The letter prevents Hester from doing whatever she pleases and causes her to become frustrated. As for The Awakening, the Parrot is one of the main symbols. It represents Edna in the way of how her life is like. The parrot is trapped inside a cage and wants to be released so that it can finally spread its wings and fly. This relates to Edna because she wants to escape from her husband, children, and the society so that she can finally be on her own. Water is another symbol in Chopin’s novel. The sea represents Edna’s freedom and escape. It is where she truly feels like she can be herself and safe in solitary. Also, the sea represents rebirth, in which Edna’s awakening is associated with rebirth. However, Edna ends her life in the sea which also shows how horrifying independence can be. The symbols in both stories represent Hester and Edna and how they act. Each symbol does have a different meaning, though and mean different things between each story. It just comes to show how each character is different from each other regarding their personalities and actions. Other characters in the stories affect the main characters and the plot. Dimmesdale, the father of Pearl, is the man Hester committed her sin with. He is forced to hide the fact that he is the father, because Dimmesdale is a respected minister within their society. Dimmesdale and Hester love each other and love Pearl very dearly. Chillingworth is Hester’s husband and is forced to hide his identity by changing his name. He left Hester for 2 years and within those two years, she committed adultery. Chillingworth comes back only to see that Hester has a child with a man that is not him. Chillingworth figured out that it was Dimmesdale and tries to sabotage him. Pearl is Hester and Dimmesdale’s daughter. Pearl tries to make Hester accept er sin. She also makes her mother wear the scarlet letter and will not take it off for the wrong reason. Pearl does not want her mother to run away from her sin but to face up to it, so when Hester tries to run away from her sin, Pearl starts to become stubborn. â€Å"And here by a sudden impulse, she turned to the young clergyman, Mr. Dimmesdale†¦ –â€Å"Speak thou for me! † cried she. â€Å"Thou wast my pastor, and hadst charge of my soul, and knowest me better than these man can. I will not lose the child! Speak for me! Thou knowest–for thou hast sympathies which these men lack†¦ Look thou to it! I will not lose the child! Look to it! † (Hawthorne, 100). By Hester announcing that, it meant that her only true reason for life was for Pearl, and that if the one richness of her life was devoured by Puritan thought and society, she would have lost her. Pearl was everything to her. She was all that she had left to lose, and she would do anything to protect her beloved daughter. In The Awakening, Leonce Pontellier is Edna’s husband and the father of their two children. He does not spend very much time with them due to him always being out doing other goods with his friends or business. Leonce expects Edna to be the perfect wife and mother and treats her with love. Be that as it may, Edna does not feel the same way towards him. Robert is one of Edna’s lovers. During the beginning of the novel, they start flirting with each other, thus developing feelings towards one another. Adele is one of Edna’s good friends and is the ideal female. She helps Edna gain towards her freedom. Mademoiselle Reisz is Edna’s inspiration. She only revolves her life around one thing; music. She has no husband, no children and is a talented pianist. She helps Edna get to where she is during the climax of the story. Hester seems to love Pearl to a greater degree than Edna loves her children, because of her devotion to Pearl, Hester could be seen as stereotypical ‘true woman' more than than Edna does; not exactly. The commitment of adultery with Dimmesdale is keeping her from having that title. Hester, like Edna, believes that society needs to change its attitude towards women and their role in their society. The difference between the two women is that Hester fees that she has something to lose and if she actually spoke her mind, Pearl would be taken away from her. Edna, however, felt so strongly about the injustices within her society that it became more important to her than her love for her children. Both stories are based on the fact that women are not treated fairly within their society. The two women do not endure their husbands, causing them to have affairs with others. Although, the differences create the actual story for each novel and makes them different in their own way. The actions of the characters really show their personalities. The symbols change how the aspects of the novel and characters are interpreted and other characters affect how the main character is changed.

Exploring The Religion Of Zoroastrianism Religion Essays

Exploring The Religion Of Zoroastrianism Religion Essays Exploring The Religion Of Zoroastrianism Religion Essay Exploring The Religion Of Zoroastrianism Religion Essay Mazdaism is said to be the oldest revealed faith in the universe and holds a steadfast topographic point in being one of the most interesting surveies of the universe s faiths. Such significance can be attributed to the influences on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Little is known about the earliest yearss of Zoroastrianism after its constitution by Persian prophesier Zarathustra ( Zoroaster in western civilization ) but during the sixth century BCE and seventh century CE Zoroastrianism was the most influential faith in three back-to-back Iranian Empires ( known as Iran ) .It s ruin in Persia followed the Arab invasions and resulted in a little minority set uping a group in north-west India in the tenth century CE. Body Paragraph 1: Zarathustra was a Iranian prophesier who thought he had envisioned the sight of God Ahura Mazda- the create of all that was good and who entirely is to be worshipped. This is a alteration from past Indo-Persian polytheism and is known to be the first non-biblical monotheist. Their sacred book of jurisprudence, the Avesta is aggregation of sacred composing complied over many centuries and was non completed until the Sassanid dynasty. It consists hymns ascribed to Zarathustra- the Gathas- supplication and rites to be used at festivals, anthem of congratulations and enchantments against devils and prescriptions for purification. The construct of God involves the usage of both monotheism and dualism. In his visions Zarathustra was taken up to the celestial spheres where Ahura Mazda revealed that he had an opposition, Aura Mainyu, the spirit and booster of evil. It was from this vision that Zarathustra was given the undertaking of ask foring all of world to take between good and evil. Zoroaster taught adult male they he must partake in the cosmic battle because of his capacity of free pick. In bend doing Zoroastrianism an ethical faith due to the importance of taking good over evil. It is believed in Zoroastrianism that worlds are free to make up ones mind between right and incorrect, light and dark, and truth and prevarication and finally their picks would impact their fate for all infinity. Afterlife in Zoroastrian civilization is decided by the balance of the words, good and evil title and ideas throughout one s life. By and large this thought is non absolute, nevertheless there is exclusion for human failing, this means mistakes are non registered or weight everlastingly on the graduated tables. Two agencies of killing them ; confession and the transportation of excess virtues . The political orientation of monotheism, heaven, snake pit, angelology, the christ, the Resurrection of the organic structure was influential on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Body 2: Mazdaism was the most influential Religion upon Persia for three consecutive Empires the first lead by Cyrus the Young of the Archaemenian Family from 549 BCE -331 BCE. Kings of the Archaemenian Empire are known to hold been really holier-than-thou Zoroastrians and ruled politically in integrity with the Law of Asha truth and righteousness. Cyrus was by and large care-free and therefore no infliction was made upon his people to rehearse Zoroastrian ways. Beneficiary peculiarly to the Jews whom Cyrus allowed to return to the Holy Land from expatriate in Babylon this impacted them greatly and influenced post-Exilic Judaism [ Boyce, M: 1977: p211 ] . Harmonizing to Xenophon and Plutarch [ Xenophon and Plutarch in Lawless: 1994: 211 ] , Cyrus worshipped Mithra, Anahita and Ahura-Mazda with letterings dating back to Cyrus the Young indicate that many of his edifice undertakings were under their protection. Darius the Great was besides really spiritual and showed the same general credence during his reign, imputing him being king to that of Ahura Mazda By the favor of Ahura-Mazda I am king ; Ahura-Mazda bestowed the kingship upon me by the favor of Ahura-Mazda these states showed respect toward my jurisprudence Ahura-Mazda bore me assistance until I got ownership of this land. [ Behistan Inscription in Lawless, J ( 1991 ) p.207 ] . Ahura-Mazda was besides proclaimed responsible for assisting create Darius edifice undertakings at Susa, Persepolis and his grave at Naqshi-eRustan. Following Darius to the throne was his boy Xerxes who, like Darius before him attributed his Ascension to the throne and edifice undertakings to Ahura-Mazda. A instead controversial tablet as Persepolis indicates that Xerxes claims that he destroyed sanctuaries of false Gods [ Kent in Lawless ( 1994 ) p208 ] ; Among these states there was ( a topographic point ) where antecedently false Gods were worshipped. Afterwards, by the favor of Ahura-Mazda, I destroyed that sanctuary of the devils ( daevas ) and I made announcement: The Demons shall non be worshipped! Where antecedently the devils were worshipped there I worshipped Ahura-Mazda and Arta reverentially The lettering harmonizing to Kent has worried bookmans and there are suggestions that Xerxes localized Zoroastrianism. Following in line after the regulation of the Archaemenians was the Seleucids and Arcasids ; Zoroastrianism became self-sufficing during their regulation. The Parthian Arcasids overthrew the Seleucids and ruled for a much longer period than the Archaemenians, nevertheless making so with a less centralized regulation. A series of alterations began from the Arcasids regulation this included ; Gathering of Zoroastrian texts from all states and The Vendidad ( Laws Against Demons ) is established. What continued was the tradition of tolerance towards other faiths and besides governed the jurisprudence of Asha like past swayers. The concluding Empire to keep Zoroastrianism as its chief faith was the Sasanians. The Sasanians around 224 CE 7th Century- were ruled by Ardashir, and during his reign of import developments were made- A individual Zoroastrian church was created under the control of Persia, the Zoroastrian calendar was reformed ; the older cullender had 360 yearss, the new calendar was a 365 twenty-four hours calendar ; the nucleus of the Avesta was able to be written down. By the terminal of the Sasanian period the autocratic Zoroastrian church-state was vastly affluent, until the Islamic conquerings of the seventh century that is Body paragraph 3: The Islamic Arabs invaded and conquered Persia in the seventh century ; this had a black consequence on Zoroastrianism that surpassed that of Alexander the Great s conquering. Numerous libraries were burned to the land and to a great extent so was Persia s cultural heritage. Zoroastrians were treated like dhimmis ( People of the Book ) at the custodies of the Arab encroachers this meant, that they were allowed to retain their spiritual practises, but had to pay excess revenue enhancements as a consequence. Social humiliations and other Torahs were implemented to do life so hard for those who practised Zoroastrianism that they would, as a consequence convert to Islam. This maneuver was successful as over clip many Persians did change over and therefore doing Zoroastrianism a minority faith. More consecutive onslaught from the Turks, Mongols and Islamists destroyed more spiritual texts and Zoroastrianism declined further into obscureness. Decision: Mazdaism is said to be the oldest revealed faith in the universe and holds a steadfast topographic point in being one of the most interesting surveies of the universe s faiths. Such significance can be attributed to the influences on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Little is known about the earliest yearss of Zoroastrianism after its constitution by Persian prophesier Zarathustra ( Zoroaster in western civilization ) but during the sixth century BCE and seventh century CE Zoroastrianism was the most influential faith in three back-to-back Iranian Empires ( known as Iran ) . It s ruin in Persia followed the Arab invasions and resulted in a little minority set uping a group in north-west India in the tenth century CE.

Political Science Thesis

Political Science Thesis Political Science Thesis Political Science Thesis: Tips AdvicesThe politics becomes more and more fashionable in the latest times. If you do not know nothing about it, so you do not hold dear of your country and the spirit of patriotism is not for you. People imagine the politic men as the showmen now. Because they are the first people who appear in the TV set every morning and a whole day is full of their faces, actions, squabbles and other things. So the political science thesis can be interesting, especially for those students, who want to work in the governmental system then. It would be a great experience, if they observe the situation from various points of view. However, in the political science thesis the politics should be defined, first of all, for the good understanding of the mental and social behavior and relation to the politics. The politics, if we take it as functioning as singular, is the practice or study of the art and science of forming, directing, and administrating stat es and other political units; it is the art and science of government; political science. It can also be the complex or aggregate of the relationships of people in society, especially those relationships, involving authority or power. If we take the politics as functioning as plural, so they are political activities or affairs or the policy-formulating aspects of government as distinguished from the administrative, or legal. There can be singled out the main types of the politics for the writing: slackwater politics, above politics, gutter politics, machine politics, national politics, party politics and others. The Topics For The Political Science Thesis The politic science and the nature of the politic regulations History of political relations and its origin in other states The principles of the political science Governments in the world and the international politics Parties and their increasing number nowadays Foreign relations and the international contig uity American organizations connected with politics Secrets Of Successful Political Science ThesesYou can use as many laws and political treatment bills as possible. You can examine the work of your own government and suppose the real development in the future. Take the experiment in the watching their debates and actions. You can observe their work during the time before the election. It is called electioneering. However, sometimes the actions, which were undertaken during this time and the promises, which were given, will be not regulated then, even if they will be in the top. If you want to know more about the political science thesis, you can order it at us. We are professional service, which offers you writing different types of work. We can guarantee you the shortest terms of writing, 100% non-plagiarism and the professional writers in the different areas. Our Political Science Thesis Writing Assistance Address our company now for not to regret in the futur e! Do not forget about the fraud companies, which can serve you non-professional help. The mistakes and rewriting of their works are the top orders at out site. We are waiting for you, dear students!

Marketing Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Information System - Essay Example The technological opportunities are obviously highly appealing for Marketers to explore and use extensively and intensively. Technology has no inherent morality and the way in which it is utilized is what really matters. In this matter, both the deontological as well as the utilitarian view of ethics (Bergman, 1997) apply. Drawing coop concentration to the ethical facet of the use of web-based technologies in the area of marketing might comprise of differentiating force for proactive firms. Some aspects of information gathered are visible (such as self-divulgence of information for purchase, self-divulgence of information in accessing a web-site, self-divulgence of information for free merchandise) and some are less visible (such as anonymous profile data, IP, cookies). Owing to these possible uses and abuses of information, many consumers remain hesitant about Internet purchasing. The development of software allowing "private Internet experience" and "completely undetected surfing" is an indication of consumer concern regarding the invasion of privacy. There is room for the development of competitive advantage. The Issue of Marketing Tools Advertising is an important marketing tool on the Internet with a range of possibilities for customer interactivity and involvement (Ranchhod, 1998). Banner advertising has been an important tool for many Internet based advertisements with much research dedicated to its design elements. At the same time, marketing professionals try to comprehend how individuals surf through websites and consequently attempt to increase the CTR (click-through ratio). In this regard, researchers as well as practitioners attempt to recognize key variables like type and size of ad banners, animation, use of color, sounds, images, incentives, etc. Certain practices can be monitored and are endorsed as efficient ones like pop-ups, deceiving banners (computer-like messages, with "ok" button). Parallel to Internet advertising, the development of e-mail marketing and Spam are features of aggressive e marketing. However, there is still a long way to go before many companies put in place the best and most effective approaches to conduct an exceptional email marketing campaign.Companies already have the creativity, the magnificent deals on offer and the colourful landscapes of dreamy holidays to mention a few, but what marketers don't know is that sometimes this creativity can actually get in the way, preventing emails from making it into the inbox. If this is the case, what good does a top-notch creative campaign do if the email is never opened. Although marketers are often from a creative background, one cannot ignore the vital impact of analysis. The information convened from campaigns, such as click through rates and churn rates, is definatele key to gain the discernment about customer's likes and dislikes, and provides the preliminaries to make future campaigns more effective and pertinent. This lead to the conclusion that the emails that companies send are delivered and contain valuable information for customers. By targeting messages more closely and handling customer data more efficiently and effectively, not only will the possibility of fabricating a sale increase, but the overall costs can be cut, databases cleaned and a greater

Personal narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal narrative - Essay Example He wanted to study English to help with his university coursework. My motivation was more casual. I was simply interested in learning a little spoken Thai and a little about Thai culture. I wasn't interested in learning to read or to write Thai. This narrative will concentrate on the application of Cambourne's prerequisites of learning to my language exchange experience. These prerequisites, or conditions of learning, are immersion, demonstration, expectation, responsibility, approximation, employment, response and engagement. As noted by Cambourne, these conditions of learning do not exist in isolation. Rather, these conditions are intertwined. A learner's ability to approximate the target behavior, for instance, may be difficult or impossible absent immersion or demonstration. That said, the eight conditions set forth a clear analytical framework for assessing my Thai-English language exchange. Immersion refers to the depth and the comprehensiveness of the learning or literacy experience. It refers to the extent to which the learner is saturated by the learning experience. It also involves, in important ways, questions of authenticity. In my case, immersion was gravely lacking. As a result, it was difficult to approximate the modeled behavior, the spoken Thai, and my expectations were consequently diminished. My instructor was a native-speaker of Thai. He was well-educated and well-prepared for our lessons. From the point of view of immersion, however, he was my sole authentic connection to the Thai language. In the background, during our lessons at the coffee shop, there was English music playing on the radio. Everything, from menus to posters on the wall to the conversations at adjoining tables, was in English. Trying to focus on my Thai lessons was at times a distraction. It seemed external to the physical and cultural environment. In short, the lack of the immersion element affected in a significant way my total learning experience. The lack of authenticity and the lack of a broader learning exposure to the learning goals left me feeling a bit hopeless about learning to speak Thai. Demonstration: Creating Realistic and Practical Situations The second condition of learning, the demonstration prerequisite, concerns the modeling of the target behavior. This modeling may be formal or informal. My Thai instructor was rather creative in this respect. He brought magazines to our meetings and used them as teaching aids. I recall one lesson where we studied shopping and prices. He brought a clothing catalogue, a Thai silk catalogue, and a Thai cooking book as teaching aids. He handed me a worksheet in which he had typed English inquiries such as, "How much is a coke", with the Thai equivalent written alongside in English script. He modeled the correct pronunciation, made relevant grammatical distinctions, and created a salesperson-customer role-play for the clothing and silk catalogues and a waiter-customer role-play for the Thai cooking book. We took turns playing each of the roles. This was one of the most beneficial aspects of my learning experience. I was able to demonstrate what I had learned in a fairly realistic way. The context in which I was able to demonstrate my knowledge, based upon my instructor's models, was also quite practical. My instructor downplayed the theory in his presentation and modeling. As we were

Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud - Essay Example The most interesting aspect of the theory however is that it can be applied to various concepts to give convincing explanations for phenomena, thus this paper aims at applying the theory to the fashion industry to draw various patterns to understand the human psyche in regard to the industry. To comment on the various aspects of the theory to relate them with fashion, it is important to highlight the dominant propositions of the theory. Psychoanalysis is the theory put forth by Sigmund Freud to explain the personality formation and conceptualization of the human psyche in context to their identity development as a process carved out through enculturation and socialization in the world they live in (Freud 1923). To make sense of the proposition, Freud talks about the unconscious mind, mental drives and the emerging conflict giving rise to various emotions and personality developments (Freud 1920). Since fashion is also an entity revolving around the social sphere rather being shaped by the social variables, it can also be understood in terms of shaping human identity by affecting the mind and conscious. Fashion affects the human body and mind as it relates to various social constructs manifested amongst the masses by using various tools and techniques, which will be elabo rated on in this essay. Fashion manifests the internal desires of humans, as the libido is now centered at the body of an individual, where the social constructs and the ego impulses inflict the gratification with various objects1. Freud is quoted to have said "The ego is not master in its own house." (Farquhar & Askay p 131) Freud is of the view that the unconscious mind contains the repressed pleasure seeking desires of an individual which have been subdued by the ego and the superego drives, or by the fear of castration (Freud 1923). Also, in relation to this context, it is important to discuss the libido drives which are

Slavery And Plantation In Trinidad And Tobago

Slavery And Plantation In Trinidad And Tobago Slavery and Plantations have always been linked, driven by economic objectives (Williams 1994), from the earliest period of sugarcane cultivation in the Caribbean. Despite the complexity of the events and circumstances that created this relationship, sugar growth and slavery both were booming during the relatively peaceful early years of the 18th century. The European need for sugar had been increasing, and Englands sugar demands led the pack. The British islands like TT were a mono-crop society, with few settlers growing anything but sugarcane The Business of Slavery The Triangular Trade is a term commonly used in discussions of the slave trade. Slaves would be brought from Africa to the plantations, which would send sugar and other local goods to Europe, who would in turn send goods to Africa. The goods usually sent to Africa were guns and other manufactured items because there was no industry in Africa. In the West Indian islands like TT, however, the selling of slaves was an important part of the economy. The need for more slaves was always greater than the market could provide, and the West Indian companies were opened up in the 1700s to outside trade to help provide additional slaves to colonies that produced sugar. The French encouraged this trade on their islands by exempting slaves from most import and export taxes. Life on Plantations Working Conditions: Slave Labour in Plantations the toughest season, a season of toil from sunrise to twilight, bare ankles and calves stung by cowitch, knotted muscles slashed by cane leaves that cut like straight razors, backs split open by the whip The plantation land consisted of cane-fields, provision grounds, woodland and pasture. Each planter preferred to have more than 200 acres of cane land. Provision grounds were used by the slaves to cultivate root crops, plantains and vegetables for food. The woodland provided lumber and firewood and the pasture was used for grazing cattle (Handler 1965). The cane fields had either newly planted canes or ratoons. The ratoons were new shoots growing from old cane roots which were left in the ground after a previous crop of cane was harvested. Usually a ratoon field was less productive. A typical sugar estate had factory buildings such as the mill, boiling house and curing house. Around these factory buildings there were other smaller buildings and sheds in which, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, carpenters, masons, coopers and other artisan slaves worked. There would also be a small hospital for sick slaves, and a small jail which kept slaves who were being punished. There were storage rooms for tools and supplies and sheds which sheltered livestock or stored cane trash or bagasse which was used as fuel. Not far from the factory buildings were small houses in which the European managers and supervisors lived. They were generally overseers, book-keepers, skilled craftsmen and office staff. In the biggest house lived the estate owner. The slave quarters were some distance away from the homes of the managers. A work day consisted of 15-16 hours a day, during harvest time and, could go on during harvest and milling for 16-18 per week 7 days a week and according to Stampp (1956) the slaves were given the task to prepare the land for planting. Their normal working day began before daybreak and ended after sunset. They cleared the grass and bushes by weeding and burning (children between the ages of six and ten might be active as water carriers while children between the ages of ten and twelve were organized into gangs and put to weeding). Cane holes were dug and into these cane tops were planted. As the cane grew, gangs of slaves manured the field and weeded bushes that sprang up around the cane plants. Female slaves did much of the weeding and the manuring. After 12 to 15 months the cane was now mature. The field was set afire to burn off the leaves from the cane stalks and at the same time to get rid of snakes which lived there. The field slaves, using cutlasses, then cut the cane stalks, packed them in bundles and loaded them on to ox-drawn carts which transported them to the mill. At the mill, the cane was crushed and the juice flowed through gutters to large metal containers. The cane trash was removed and stored for use as fuel for the boilers. The juice in the large containers was clarified by heating and the addition of a small quantity of lime. This clarified juice was then ladled into a copper boiler in which it was boiled. After a while, the juice from this copper boiler was ladled into a smaller boiler and was boiled again and then still further in a yet smaller boiler. By then, it had changed into sticky syrup which was allowed to cool, and then poured into wooden hogsheads standing on beams in the curing house. Through small holes at the bottom of the hogsheads, molasses seeped out and was collected in containers set below the beams. After about three weeks, the remaining syrup in the hogsheads crystallised to form sugar. The sugar remained in the hogshea ds which were later packed into ships for export to Europe. Some estates also manufactured rum by fermenting juice from the first boiling and about the same quantity of molasses. Almost all of this specialised work carried out in the manufacture of sugar and rum was done by skilled artisan slaves who were highly valued by their owners. During the milling season, slaves worked in shifts throughout the day and night. Even after the crop season was over, the estate owner did not allow his slaves to be idle. The fields had to be prepared for the new crop, weeding and manuring of the ratoons had to be done, and repairs to drainage and irrigation canals, fences and buildings had to carry out. Work was even found for children from the age of six years old. They collected firewood, cut grass to feed farm animals and fetched drinking water to slaves working in the fields. The plantation owners did not want their slaves to involve themselves in idle conversation since they felt that the discontented slaves may use the occasion to plot rebellion. Punishments While each plantation had its own set of social, religious, and labour codes, all had the basic format for an instilled hierarchy in which the slave master reigned as gad. He maintained the element of slave misery, by controlling the degree of pain (Starobin 1974). Treatments were given such as mutilation, branding, chaining, and murder which were supposedly regulated or prohibited by law. Whippings, beatings, drownings, and hangings were as unpredictable as they were gruesome. It was clear to plantation owners that slavery could not survive without the whip (even though owners were forbidden to deliberately kill or maliciously mutilate a slave). Males and females were whipped indiscriminately. The severity of whipping depended on the number of strokes to the type of whip. Fifteen to twenty lashes were generally sufficient, but they could range much higher. Other items used for punishments included stocks, chains, collars, and irons. It was also commonplace that women could be raped by the owner of the plantation, his sons or, any white male. Methods of Control The White plantation owners in TT used various methods to maintain complete control over their slaves. Their principal method was that of divide and rule. Members of the same tribe were separated on different plantations to prevent communication between them. The aim behind this was to prevent any plans to rebel if they were together. This separation, however, created a problem of communication, since the plantation would have different groups of slaves speaking different languages. Therefore, the planters had to find a way to communicate with their slaves. Soon a new language, known as Creole, developed and this became a common tongue among the slaves. When the British took control of the twin islands in the nineteenth century, English words were injected into the language and it became the basis of the Creolised language. Slaves were also prevented from practising their religions. Quite a few slaves were Muslims while many others had their own tribal beliefs. But since the Christian planters saw non-Christians as pagans, they made sure that the slaves could not gather to worship in the way they were accustomed when they lived in Africa. Later Christian missionaries were permitted on the plantations and they were allowed to preach to the slaves on Sundays. In time, many of them were converted to Christianity; it was the general feeling that the converted slaves became docile and was not willing to support rebellion on the plantations. Another means of control was the creation of a class system among the slaves. Field slaves formed the lowest group, even though some of them had special skills. The lowest ranking slaves, the backbone of the plantation economy, were the field slaves. The field slaves were divided into gangs according to their physical strength and ability, with the strongest and fittest males and females in the first gang. The incentive used to encourage hard work, was lashes of the cart whip, which were freely administered by the drivers, who were privileged slaves under the overseers supervision. Higher up the slave hierarchy were the artisan slaves such as blacksmiths, carpenters and masons, who were often hired out by the planters. These slaves also had opportunities to earn money for themselves on various occasions. Still higher up in this class system were the drivers who were specially selected by the White planters to control the other slaves. The domestic or house slave had a special place in this arrangement, and because they worked in the masters house and sometimes receiving special favours from the master, they held other slaves in contempt. Usu ally, the slaves in the lowest rung of this social ladder were the ones who rebelled and often domestic slaves were the ones who betrayed them by reporting the plots to their master. Then there were divisions based on colour. In the early days, it was relatively easy for a pure African to rise to the level of a driver. But mixtures occurred through the birth of children as a result of unions between White men and black women (mulatto), White men and mulatto women (mestee) and mulatto men and black women (sambo). Some slaves of succeeding generations thus had lighter complexions, and the White planters discriminated in favour of them. These slaves with White fathers or White relatives were placed in positions above those of the field slaves. This was the beginning of colour discrimination in the Guyanese society. Of course, in all of this, the Europeans the Whites occupied the highest rung of the social ladder and they found willing allies among the mixed or coloured population who occupied the intermediate levels. The pure Africans remained at the lowest level Women and Slavery in the Plantations According to Bush (1990; 33) the primary reason for the presence of women in TT during the time of slavery was due to their labour value. In the early days of slavery, plantation owners attempted to produce healthy patterns of reproduction and encourage marriage, but found it was economically illogical to do so. Instead, it was more profitable to purchase new slaves from Africa (until the continued supply of female slaves being delivered from across the Atlantic was threatened by abolitionist pressure in the eighteenth century). Girls worked on estates from the early age of four. Occupations for girls between the ages of 12-19 varied from field work, to stock work, to domestic work, to washing e.g. clothing, dishes, etc. ( Reddock 1985 pg. 64 ), . Other forms of work for mature women included midwife, doctoress, and housekeeper. European plantation owners generally regarded most slave women as suitable for field work, which consisted of jobs such as digging holes for canes, weeding, and hoeing. In Jamaica, the majority of women between the ages of 19 and 54 were working in the fields. By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, there were more women working in the field than men due to their lower mortality rates. Despite the common stereotype whereby men are stronger and more physically capable than women, it can be argued that women were as important, if not more important, to field work during the period of slavery in TT. The importance of women in the plantation economy is reflected in the price of female slaves between 1790 and the end of the slave trade. The price for a new male slave was approximately  £50- £70, while the price for a new female slave was approximately  £50- £60. (Bush, 1996:33) Apart from occupations such as doctoress, midwife, and housekeeper, which were considered to be higher employment positions for slave women during the time, the slave elite was nearly entirely made up of men. Women were confined to fighting for lower positions in the socio-economic hierarchy and were always excluded from the more prestigious and skilled jobs (i.e. carpentry). Among the limited amount of occupations available to Trinbagonian slave women, the most prestigious job was found to be nursing. One way in which women slaves would occasionally amass income and resources for themselves was through sex trade (Morrissey 1989 pg. 69). This was a common way for women slaves to save money for freedom, particularly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in TT. The majority of enslaved domestic workers in towns were expected to support themselves through prostitution. Culture of Slavery and Plantation life Home Plantation slaves were housed in slaves cabins. Small, rudely built of logs with clapboard sidings, with clay chinking. Floors were packed dirt. They were leaky and drafty and the combination of wet, dirt, and cold made them diseased environments. On the plantation, the slaves were housed in buildings which were some distance away from the masters house. Most of these slave houses had thatched roofs and walls of old boards or of wattle and mud. The floor was the earth itself and there were no furniture except some rudimentary pieces that the slaves managed to make. Clothing Slaves were not well-clothed; they had inadequate clothing for people engaged in heavy labour all year. Children would dress in long shirts. Men possessed little besides with two shirts and two cotton pants. Women were provided with an insufficient amount of cloth and made their own clothes. The cloth was cheap material, produced in England that was dubbed Negro cloth. The slaves also obtained a clothing allowance roughly every year. The men received a coarse woollen jacket, a hat, about six yards of cotton, and a piece of canvas to make a pair or two of trousers. Women received the same allowance as the men, but children received none. The children remained naked until they were about nine years old, or were given cast-off clothing that their parents managed to find or were able to purchase. Food The food was generally adequate in bulk, but imbalanced and monotonous. Typical food allowance was a peck of corn meal and three to four pounds of salt pork or bacon per week per person. This diet could be supplemented by vegetables from their gardens, by fish or wild game, and molasses (not usually). The slaves prepared their own food and carried it out to the field in buckets. While the slaves were provided with certain foodstuffs by the master, they raised their own subsistence crops of vegetables, plantains and root crops on small garden plots that the master allowed them to use. However, they could only do their personal farming on Sundays when they had no work on the plantation. They also took the opportunity to fish on Sundays in the nearby canals, the rivers or the ocean. Each adult slave was given one pound of salted cod fish every Sunday by the plantation owner. The salted cod fish was imported from North America. A child slave was given a smaller allocation. On special Chr istian holidays, there was an additional allowance of about a pound of beef or pork, some sugar and a quantity of rum. Religion The general view held by the plantation owners was that the African slaves did not hold to a system of beliefs that could be described as a religion (Mbiti 1969). At best so the members of the plantocracy and the church that served them felt their beliefs amounted to nothing more than heathenish superstition. Not a few of them, perhaps, felt that the Africans were incapable of religious sentiment. But the Africans held religious beliefs derived from their homeland. It may be useful to note that some of the slaves, particularly these who came from the Fula-speaking area of Senegambia, were Muslims. The practice of the planters of separating tribesmen from one another, and of discouraging the assembling of slaves for any purpose whatsoever, was not calculated to allow Islam to survive. Again, the small number of African Muslims that came to plantations in TT lacked the leadership of Imams and the possession of the Quran. Then, too, the plantation life did not lend itself for long pra yers at fixed times, worship on a set day, fasting at prescribed periods, or feasting on holidays which did not coincide with those observed by the plantocracy. On the other hand, indigenous African religious beliefs, which became labelled as obeah, survived the difficulties of estate life. But these beliefs underwent significant changes although they remained clearly African in structure (Saraceni 1996). Three factors were mainly responsible for these changes. In the first place, African religious ideas were capable of modification in response to the new circumstance of estate life. Secondly, the practice of African religion was frowned upon by estate authorities. This meant that the religion could only be practised secretly and irregularly. The result has been that some aspects of African religious practices withered away while others lost their nationality and language and became garbled. Thirdly, the exposure to Christianity led not only to the conversion of Blacks to that religion, but also to the overlapping of African and Christian beliefs. Free Time Except for earnings enjoyed by the artisan slaves, most of the slaves depended on obtaining money by selling surplus produce from their provision grounds and also the sale of livestock that they reared. On Sundays, village markets were held and the slaves seized the opportunity to barter or sell their produce. On these occasions the slaves made purchases of a few pieces of clothing and other items for their homes. The Sunday markets were also occasions when slaves from different plantations were able to socialise and to exchange news and pieces of gossip. There were also times of recreation. These were usually at the end of the crop and at Christmas and on public holidays when the slaves were allowed to hold dances which had to end by midnight.